{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T07:37:10Z","timestamp":1782459430166,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The epidemiology of soil-transmitted helminth infections (hookworm, <jats:italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>) in the United States is poorly understood. To gain understanding of the status of disease, a systematic review was performed to assess the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections in the United States. Of all studies reviewed, 14 were designated as high-quality. High-quality studies were published from 1942 to 1982 and showed that infection was prevalent throughout the southern United States and Appalachia as recently as 1982, finding that hookworm (19.6%), <jats:italic>T. trichiura<\/jats:italic> (55.2%), <jats:italic>A. lumbricoides<\/jats:italic> (49.4%), and <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic> (3.8%) affected significant percentages of the population. However, because the most recent high-quality studies were published over 25 years ago, the literature does not provide sufficient data to assess current endemic transmission. Because the status of disease remains unclear, there is a need for additional studies to determine if soil-transmitted helminths remain endemic in the United States.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,5]],"date-time":"2011-10-05T23:30:06Z","timestamp":1317857406000},"page":"680-684","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in the United States: A Systematic Review\u20141940\u20132010"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Michelle C.","family":"Starr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan P.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"801","article-title":"Incidence of intestinal obstruction in children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides","volume":"24","author":"Blumenthal","year":"1975"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1521","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm","volume":"367","author":"Bethony","year":"2006"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e256","article-title":"Neglected infections of poverty in the United States of America","volume":"2","author":"Hotez","year":"2008"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"723","article-title":"Helminthic diseases endemic in the United States","volume":"23","author":"Warren","year":"1974"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"1481","article-title":"Clinical features of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in an endemic area of the United States","volume":"80","author":"Milder","year":"1981"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"264","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"151","author":"Moher","year":"2009"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Epidemiology","first-page":"800","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"18","author":"von Elm","year":"2007"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"J Clin Epidemiol","first-page":"765","article-title":"Quality assessment of observational studies is not commonplace in systematic reviews","volume":"59","author":"Mallen","year":"2005"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Jt Comm J Qual Improv","first-page":"470","article-title":"Assessing best evidence: issues in grading the quality of studies for systematic reviews","volume":"25","author":"Lohr","year":"1999"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"351","article-title":"Intestinal parasitism among students of Berea College, Kentucky","volume":"22","author":"Headlee","year":"1942"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"South Med J","first-page":"46","article-title":"Report of a survey for intestinal parasites in school children in a rural mountain county in Tennessee","volume":"48","author":"Young","year":"1955"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"505","article-title":"Current status of intestinal parasitism of man in eastern Kentucky","volume":"42","author":"Atchley","year":"1956"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"269","article-title":"Intestinal helminths in eastern Kentucky: a survey in three rural counties","volume":"14","author":"Fulmer","year":"1965"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Public Health Rep","first-page":"907","article-title":"Prevalence of ascariasis and amebiasis in Cherokee Indian school children","volume":"84","author":"Healy","year":"1969"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Hookworm infection in a rural Kentucky county","volume":"19","author":"Gloor","year":"1970"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"919","article-title":"Hookworm in Georgia. 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