{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:19:31Z","timestamp":1787170771874,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The carcinogenic liver fluke,\n                    <jats:italic>Opisthorchis viverrini<\/jats:italic>\n                    , requires\n                    <jats:italic>Bithynia<\/jats:italic>\n                    snail intermediate hosts in its life cycle. However, the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>O. viverrini<\/jats:italic>\n                    in snail intermediate hosts is typically low (&lt; 1%). Here, we examined\n                    <jats:italic>B. siamensis goniomphalos<\/jats:italic>\n                    from 48 localities in Thailand and The Lao People?s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) and reported high-prevalence levels of\n                    <jats:italic>O. viverrini<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The highest-prevalence levels per locality were 6.93% (mean = 3.04%) in Thailand and 8.37% (mean = 2.01%) in Lao PDR; 4 of 13 localities examined showed prevalence higher than any prevalence previously recorded. The number of cercariae infecting snails and their prevalence were positively correlated with the size of the snails. High prevalence occurred in the Songkram River wetland (Thailand) and the Nam Ngum River wetland (Lao PDR). Our results show that transmission of\n                    <jats:italic>O. viverrini<\/jats:italic>\n                    from humans as well as animal reservoir hosts to snail intermediate hosts is ongoing and potentially increasing in endemic areas across Thailand and Lao PDR.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,8]],"date-time":"2012-03-08T11:17:19Z","timestamp":1331205439000},"page":"464-469","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Exceptionally High Prevalence of Infection of Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos with Opisthorchis viverrini Cercariae in Different Wetlands in Thailand and Lao PDR"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Nadda","family":"Kiatsopit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paiboon","family":"Sithithaworn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weerachai","family":"Saijuntha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thidarut","family":"Boonmars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smarn","family":"Tesana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiraporn","family":"Sithithaworn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor N.","family":"Petney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross H.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Opisthorchis viverrini: an underestimated parasite in world health. Trends Parasitol","first-page":"497","volume":"24","author":"Andrews","year":"2008"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum","first-page":"1","article-title":"Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC. Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans","volume":"61","author":"IARC","year":"1994"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"283","article-title":"Field trials in the control of Opisthorchis viverrini with an integrated programme in endemic areas of northeast Thailand","volume":"106","author":"Saowakontha","year":"1993"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"1083","article-title":"Epidemiology of food-borne trematodes and other parasite infections in a fishing community on the Nam Ngum reservoir, Lao PDR","volume":"37","author":"Sithithaworn","year":"2006"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"355","article-title":"Field studies on the bionomics of Bithynia siamensis siamensis and the transmission of Opisthorchis viverrini in Bangna, Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"11","author":"Upatham","year":"1980"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"545","article-title":"Field studies on the transmission of the human liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, in northeast Thailand: population changes of the snail intermediate host","volume":"16","author":"Brockelman","year":"1986"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"697","article-title":"Studies on lophocercous cercariae from Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos (Prosobranchia: Bithyniidae)","volume":"24","author":"Adam","year":"1993"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Ecological studies of Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos a snail intermediate host of Opisthorchis viverrini in Khon Kaen Province, Northeast Thailand","author":"Lohachit C","year":"2001"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"653","article-title":"Freshwater mollusks of medical importance in Kalasin Province, northeast Thailand","volume":"36","author":"Sri-Aroon","year":"2005"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Southeast 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Rev","first-page":"107","article-title":"Identification key for fresh-brackish water snails of Thailand","volume":"16","author":"Upatham","year":"1983"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Malacol Rev","first-page":"21","article-title":"The Bithyniidae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) of Thailand:comparative external morphology","volume":"25","author":"Chitramvong","year":"1992"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"175","article-title":"Development of a PCR-based method for the detection of Opisthorchis viverrini in experimentally infected hamsters","volume":"122","author":"Wongratanacheewin","year":"2001"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"R22","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"158","article-title":"Opisthorchiasis and Opisthorchis-associated cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand and Laos","volume":"120","author":"Sripa","year":"2011"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Cancer Sci","first-page":"579","article-title":"Epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma: an update focusing on risk factors","volume":"101","author":"Shin","year":"2010"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"110","article-title":"Effecacy and safety of mefloquine, artesunate, mefloquine-artesunate, tribendimidine, and praziquantel in patients with Opisthorchis viverrini: a randomised, exploratory, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"11","author":"Soukhathammavong","year":"2011"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"643","article-title":"Rate of re-infection by Opisthorchis viverrini in an endemic northeast Thai community after chemotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Upatham","year":"1988"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Arzneimittelforschung","first-page":"1231","article-title":"A pilot project for controlling O. viverrini infection in Nong Wai, Northeast Thailand, by applying praziquantel and other measures","volume":"34","author":"Sornmani","year":"1984"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Parasitol Int","first-page":"10","article-title":"The current status of opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis in the Mekong Basin","volume":"61","author":"Sithithaworn","year":"2012"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Food Borne Parasitic Zoonoses: Fish and Plant-Borne Parasites","first-page":"3","article-title":"Liver flukes","author":"Sithithaworn","year":"2008"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"Parasitol Int","first-page":"38","article-title":"The ecology of the Bithynia first intermediate hosts of Opisthorchis viverrini","volume":"61","author":"Petney","year":"2012"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"1307","article-title":"Biological variation within Opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato in Thailand and Lao PDR","volume":"95","author":"Laoprom","year":"2009"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol","first-page":"349","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma: lessons from Thailand","volume":"24","author":"Sripa","year":"2008"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"235","article-title":"Laboratory studies on host-parasite relationship of Bithynia snails and the liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini","volume":"22","author":"Chanawong","year":"1991"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"695","article-title":"Evidence of a species complex within the food-borne trematode Opisthorchis viverrini and possible co-evolution with their first intermediate hosts","volume":"37","author":"Saijuntha","year":"2007"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"Rural Aquaculture","first-page":"1","author":"Gregory","year":"2002"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"Aquaculture","first-page":"295","article-title":"Fish culture in rainfed rice fields of northeast Thailand","volume":"140","author":"Little","year":"1996"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"Aquaculture","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of zoonotic trematode parasites in fish fry and juveniles in fish farms of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam","volume":"295","author":"Thien","year":"2009"},{"key":"R37","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e742","article-title":"Farm-level risk factors for fish-borne zoonotic trematode infection in integrated small-scale fish farms in northern Vietnam","volume":"4","author":"Phan","year":"2010"},{"key":"R38","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"229","article-title":"Opisthorchiasis control in Thailand","volume":"88","author":"Jongsuksuntigul","year":"2003"},{"key":"R39","series-title":"Parasitol Int","first-page":"60","article-title":"High prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in reservoir hosts in four districts of Khon Kaen Province, an opisthorchiasis endemic area of Thailand","volume":"61","author":"Aunpromma","year":"2012"},{"key":"R40","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"36","article-title":"Prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in the canine and feline hosts in three villages, Khon Kaen Province, northeastern Thailand","volume":"41","author":"Enes","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and 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