{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:43:24Z","timestamp":1791287004608,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is among the most medically important arboviruses in North America, and studies suggest a role for amphibians and reptiles in its transmission cycle. Serum samples collected from 351 amphibians and reptiles (27 species) from Alabama, USA, were tested for the presence of antibodies against EEEV. Frogs, turtles, and lizards showed little or no seropositivity, and snakes had high seropositivity rates. Most seropositive species were preferred or abundant hosts of <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic> spp. mosquitoes at Tuskegee National Forest, that target ectothermic hosts. The cottonmouth, the most abundant ectotherm sampled, displayed a high prevalence of seropositivity, indicating its possible role as an amplification and\/or over-wintering reservoir for EEEV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,8]],"date-time":"2012-03-08T16:17:19Z","timestamp":1331223439000},"page":"540-544","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Serosurveillance of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Amphibians and Reptiles from Alabama, USA"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Sean P.","family":"Graham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan K.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taryn","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Guyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Unnasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Advances in Virus Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60838-6","author":"Scott","year":"1989"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"8","article-title":"The economic burden imposed by a residual case of eastern encephalitis","volume":"52","author":"Villari","year":"1995"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"884","article-title":"Endemic eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955\u20131974","volume":"25","author":"Bigler","year":"1976"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Proceedings of the New Jersey Mosquito Extermination Association","first-page":"120","article-title":"Bloodmeal preference studies with New Jersey mosquitoes","volume":"49","author":"Crans","year":"1962"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"300","article-title":"The distribution and development of eastern equine encephalitis virus in its enzootic mosquito vector, Culiseta melanura","volume":"33","author":"Scott","year":"1984"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Bulletin of the Society of Vector Ecology","first-page":"178","article-title":"Evidence incriminating Coquillettidia perturbans (Diptera: Culicidae) as an epizootic vector of eastern equine encephailitis. I. Isolation of EEE virus from C. perturbans during an epizootic among horses in New Jersey","volume":"11","author":"Crans","year":"1986"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1140","article-title":"Molecular identification of blood-meal sources in Culiseta melanura and Culiseta morsitans from an endemic focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus in New York","volume":"75","author":"Molaei","year":"2006"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Ecol Modell","first-page":"425","article-title":"A dynamic transmission model of eastern equine encephalitis virus","volume":"192","author":"Unnasch","year":"2006"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Ecology","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Energy flow and nutrient cycling in salamander populations in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hamphshire","volume":"56","author":"Burton","year":"1975"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Am Nat","first-page":"92","article-title":"Advantages to ectothermy for tetrapods","volume":"115","author":"Pough","year":"1980"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Oecologia","first-page":"69","article-title":"Biomass and turtle populations: a neglected subject","volume":"55","author":"Iverson","year":"1982"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"J Herpetol","first-page":"36","article-title":"Effectiveness of removal sampling for determining salamander density and biomass: a case study in an Appalachian streamside community","volume":"35","author":"Petranka","year":"2001"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Conserv Biol","first-page":"1457","article-title":"Remarkable amphibian biomass and abundance in an isolated wetland: implications for wetland conservation","volume":"20","author":"Gibbons","year":"2006"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Immunol Rev","first-page":"25","article-title":"Mutation, selection, and memory in B lymphocytes of exothermic vertebrates","volume":"162","author":"Hsu","year":"1998"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"171","article-title":"Prolonged western equine encephalitis viremia in the Texas tortoise (Gopherus berlandieri)","volume":"26","author":"Bowen","year":"1977"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Transactions of the 26th North American Wildlife Conference","first-page":"186","article-title":"Reptiles as possible reservoir hosts for Eastern Encephalitis virus","author":"Karstad","year":"1961"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"595","article-title":"Field and laboratory studies on eastern encephalitis in warm- and cold-blooded vertebrates","volume":"13","author":"Hayes","year":"1964"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Science","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Western equine encephalitis virus in Saskatchewan garter snakes and leopard frogs","volume":"154","author":"Burton","year":"1966"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2150","article-title":"Alligators as West Nile virus amplifiers","volume":"10","author":"Klenk","year":"2004"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"421","article-title":"Competency of reptiles and amphibians for eastern equine encephalitis virus","volume":"85","author":"White","year":"2011"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med","first-page":"695","article-title":"Overwintering of western equine encephalitis virus","volume":"104","author":"Gebhardt","year":"1960"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med","first-page":"421","article-title":"Overwintering of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in garter snakes experimentally infected by Culex tarsalis","volume":"109","author":"Thomas","year":"1962"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"495","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus transmission in central Alabama","volume":"68","author":"Cupp","year":"2003"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"272","article-title":"Identification of reptilian and amphibian bloodmeals from mosquitoes in an eastern equine Encephalomyelitis virus focus in central Alabama","volume":"71","author":"Cupp","year":"2004"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"809","article-title":"Blood feeding patterns of potential arbovirus vectors of the genus Culex targeting ectothermic hosts","volume":"79","author":"Burkett-Cadena","year":"2008"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"641","article-title":"Avian host preference by vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus","volume":"69","author":"Hassan","year":"2003"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e7873","article-title":"Nestedness of ectoparasite-vertebrate host networks","volume":"4","author":"Graham","year":"2009"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity. Standard Methods for Amphibians","author":"Heyer","year":"1994"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol","first-page":"56","article-title":"Removal of species constraints in antibody detection","volume":"17","author":"Basile","year":"2010"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections","first-page":"797","author":"Beaty","year":"1989"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Anal Biochem","first-page":"248","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"967","article-title":"Winter biology of wetland mosquitoes at a focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus transmission in Alabama, USA","volume":"48","author":"Burkett-Cadena","year":"2011"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Snakes of the United States and Canada","author":"Ernst","year":"2004"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"71","article-title":"Host feeding patterns of probable vector mosquitoes of West Nile Virus in the eastern United States","volume":"4","author":"Apperson","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/86\/3\/article-p540.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/86\/3\/article-p540.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/86\/3\/article-p540.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T17:59:46Z","timestamp":1723053586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/86\/3\/article-p540.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0283","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]}}}