{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:25:03Z","timestamp":1761197103481},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Correlations between the genetic diversity of <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic> (syn. <jats:italic>L. chagasi<\/jats:italic>) isolates and their respective geographic origins support the theoretic assumption that visceral leishmaniasis probably originated in the Old World. Because dogs are widely considered to be the main reservoir of this disease, the present study aimed to investigate the degree of genetic divergence among 44 leishmanial canine isolates from two Brazilian cities, Jequi\u00e9 and Campo Grande, located approximately 2,028 km from each other. We hypothesized that a low degree of genetic divergence would be observed among these isolates. In fact, statistical analyses found no significant differences between the isolates using both random amplified polymorphic DNA and multilocus microsatellite typing genotyping techniques with three and seven markers, respectively. These findings provide support for the recent introduction of <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> into the New World.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,2]],"date-time":"2012-05-02T21:41:15Z","timestamp":1335994875000},"page":"799-806","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An Assessment of the Genetic Diversity of Leishmania infantum Isolates from Infected Dogs in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Lu\u00eds F\u00e1bio","family":"da S. Batista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Segatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos Eduardo S.","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosana S.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cleusa A. T.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00falia Cristina M.","family":"Brazuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joselli S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvana O.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Larangeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9a Mara","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Schriefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia S. T.","family":"Veras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"287","article-title":"Control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis: is it time to change strategies?","volume":"52","author":"Tesh","year":"1995"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"365","volume":"77","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"811","article-title":"Lutzomyia longipalpis and the eco-epidemiology of American visceral leishmaniasis, with particular reference to Brazil: a review","volume":"100","author":"Lainson","year":"2005"},{"issue":"(Suppl 2)","key":"R4","series-title":"Cad Saude Publica","first-page":"359","article-title":"Tegumentary and visceral leishmaniases in Brazil: emerging anthropozoonosis and possibilities for their control","volume":"10","author":"Marzochi","year":"1994"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop","first-page":"27","article-title":"Controle da leishmaniose visceral no Brasil","volume":"27","author":"Monteiro","year":"1994"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"324","article-title":"Canine leishmaniosis\u2014new concepts and insights on an expanding zoonosis: part one","volume":"24","author":"Baneth","year":"2008"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"399","article-title":"Canine leishmaniasis: epidemiological risk and the experimental model","volume":"18","author":"Moreno","year":"2002"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Parasitol Today","first-page":"188","article-title":"The strange case of Leishmania chagasi","volume":"16","author":"Mauricio","year":"2000"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"425","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity and phylogenetic status of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum zymodeme MON-1: epidemiological implications","volume":"123","author":"Hide","year":"2001"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Microbes Infect","first-page":"334","article-title":"Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetically isolated populations between and within the main endemic regions of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Kuhls","year":"2007"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"9375","article-title":"Evolutionary and geographical history of the Leishmania donovani complex with a revision of current taxonomy","volume":"104","author":"Lukes","year":"2007"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol","first-page":"257","article-title":"Genetic variability within the species Leishmania infantum by RAPD. A lack of correlation with zymodeme structure","volume":"119","author":"Toledo","year":"2002"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"613","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism within the Leishmania donovani complex: correlation with geographic origin","volume":"70","author":"Zemanova","year":"2004"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"237","article-title":"Genomic diversity in the Leishmania donovani complex","volume":"119","author":"Mauricio","year":"1999"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"819","article-title":"Heterogeneity of Leishmania infantum chagasi kinetoplast DNA in Teresina (Brazil)","volume":"82","author":"Alonso","year":"2010"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"39","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Leishmania infantum field populations from Brazil","volume":"107","author":"Segatto","year":"2011"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1155","article-title":"Comparative microsatellite typing of New World Leishmania infantum reveals low heterogeneity among populations and its recent Old World origin","volume":"5","author":"Kuhls","year":"2011"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"39","article-title":"A cross-sectional serodiagnostic survey of canine leishmaniasis due to Leishmania chagasi","volume":"55","author":"Paranhos-Silva","year":"1996"},{"year":"2004","series-title":"Imunofluoresc\u00eancia indireta para diagn\u00f3stico da leishmaniose visceral canina","author":"Bio-Manguinhos-Instituto_de_Tecnologia_em_Imunobiol\u00f3gicos","key":"R19"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"566","article-title":"Studies on canine leishmaniasis control. 1. Evolution of infection of different clinical forms of canine leishmaniasis following antimonial treatment","volume":"82","author":"Mancianti","year":"1988"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Leishmaniose Visceral Grave. Normas e Condutas. Normas e Manuais T\u00e9cnicos. S\u00e9rie A","first-page":"1","author":"Minist\u00e9rio_da_Sa\u00fade","year":"2006"},{"year":"2003","series-title":"Manual de vigilancia e controle da leishmaniose visceral","author":"Secretaria_de_Vigilancia_em_Saude","key":"R22"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Rev Bras Malariol Doen\u00e7as Trop","first-page":"441","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in the region of Jequi\u00e9, state of Bahia","volume":"16","author":"Sherlock","year":"1964"},{"article-title":"Primeiro relato de leishmaniose visceral canina em \u00e1rea urbana do munic\u00edpio de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Proceedings of the XXXVI Congresso Brasileiro de Medicina Tropical, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Maranh\u00e3o, Brazil, February 20, 2000. 318","year":"2000","author":"Silva","key":"R24"},{"year":"2009","series-title":"Prefeitura Municipal de Campo Grande-Coordenadoria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade-Secretaria Municipal de Sa\u00fade CG, MS","author":"SINAN_Servi\u00e7o_de_Vigil\u00e2ncia_Epidemiol\u00f3gica","key":"R25"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"2135","article-title":"Cloning of Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) cytokine cDNAs and analysis of cytokine mRNA expression in experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"66","author":"Melby","year":"1998"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol","first-page":"327","article-title":"Rapid isolation of DNA from trypanosomatid protozoa using a simple \u2018mini-prep\u2019 procedure","volume":"59","author":"Medina-Acosta","year":"1993"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"149","article-title":"The Leishmania donovani complex: genotypes of five metabolic enzymes (ICD, ME, MPI, G6PDH, and FH), new targets for multilocus sequence typing","volume":"37","author":"Zemanova","year":"2007"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"508","article-title":"Multiclonal Leishmania braziliensis population structure and its clinical implication in a region of endemicity for American tegumentary leishmaniasis","volume":"72","author":"Schriefer","year":"2004"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"495","article-title":"Multilocus microsatellite typing as a new tool for discrimination of Leishmania infantum MON-1 strains","volume":"44","author":"Ochsenreither","year":"2006"},{"year":"1995","series-title":"MICROSAT, the Microsatellite Distance Program","author":"Minch","key":"R31"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"455","article-title":"High resolution of human evolutionary trees with polymorphic microsatellites","volume":"368","author":"Bowcock","year":"1994"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Methods Enzymol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(96)66026-1","article-title":"Inferring phylogenies from protein sequences by parsimony, distance, and likelihood methods","volume":"266","author":"Felsenstein","year":"1996"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"Comput Appl Biosci","first-page":"357","article-title":"TREEVIEW: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers","volume":"12","author":"Roderic","year":"1996"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"Genetics","first-page":"945","article-title":"Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data","volume":"155","author":"Pritchard","year":"2000"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"Mol Ecol","first-page":"2611","article-title":"Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study","volume":"14","author":"Evanno","year":"2005"},{"key":"R37","series-title":"Evol Bioinform Online","first-page":"47","article-title":"Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis","volume":"1","author":"Excoffier","year":"2005"},{"key":"R38","series-title":"Jpn J Genet","first-page":"287","article-title":"Statistical methods for estimating the effective number of alleles, expected heterozygosity and genetic distance in self-incompatibility locus","volume":"69","author":"Tajima","year":"1994"},{"key":"R39","series-title":"Science","first-page":"1643","article-title":"Current Brazilian law on animal experimentation","volume":"324","author":"Saldanha Machado","year":"2009"},{"year":"1978","series-title":"Variability Within and Among Natural Populations. Evolution and the Genetics of Populations","author":"Wright","key":"R40"},{"key":"R41","series-title":"Mol Ecol","first-page":"1347","article-title":"An evaluation of RAPD fragment reproducibility and nature","volume":"7","author":"Perez","year":"1998"},{"key":"R42","series-title":"Mol Ecol","first-page":"493","article-title":"Features of DNA fragments obtained by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assays","volume":"8","author":"Rabouam","year":"1999"},{"key":"R43","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"1137","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics of Leishmania parasites","volume":"29","author":"Banuls","year":"1999"},{"key":"R44","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e261","article-title":"Differentiation and gene flow among European populations of Leishmania infantum MON-1","volume":"2","author":"Kuhls","year":"2008"},{"key":"R45","series-title":"Infect Genet Evol","first-page":"440","article-title":"Comparison of molecular markers for strain typing of Leishmania infantum","volume":"6","author":"Botilde","year":"2006"},{"key":"R46","series-title":"Parasitol Int","first-page":"277","article-title":"Application of kDNA as a molecular marker to analyse Leishmania infantum diversity in Portugal","volume":"55","author":"Cortes","year":"2006"},{"key":"R47","series-title":"Infect Gen Evol","first-page":"206","article-title":"Epidemiological dynamics of antimonial resistance in Leishmania donovani: genotyping reveals a polyclonal population structure among naturally-resistant clinical isolates from Nepal","volume":"7","author":"Laurent","year":"2007"},{"key":"R48","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"104","article-title":"Molecular tracking of infections by Leishmania infantum","volume":"95","author":"Morales","year":"2001"},{"key":"R49","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"947","article-title":"Development and evaluation of different PCR-based typing methods for discrimination of Leishmania donovani isolates from Nepal","volume":"137","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2010"},{"key":"R50","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"888","article-title":"Application of microsatellite genotyping to the study of a restricted Leishmania infantum focus: different genotype compositions in isolates from dogs and sand flies","volume":"76","author":"Montoya","year":"2007"},{"key":"R51","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"687","article-title":"A review of the geographic distribution and epidemiology of leishmaniasis in the New World","volume":"41","author":"Grimaldi","year":"1989"},{"key":"R52","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"89","article-title":"Characterization of Leishmania sp. strains isolated from autochthonous cases of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil","volume":"74","author":"Grisard","year":"2000"},{"key":"R53","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"676","article-title":"Lutzomyia evansi, an alternate vector of Leishmania chagasi in a Colombian focus of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"84","author":"Travi","year":"1990"},{"key":"R54","series-title":"Parasitol Today","first-page":"37","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Rio de Janeiro","volume":"10","author":"Marzochi","year":"1994"},{"key":"R55","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"380","article-title":"Widespread atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L.) chagasi in Nicaragua","volume":"61","author":"Belli","year":"1999"},{"key":"R56","series-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol","first-page":"511","article-title":"The Leishmania hertigi (Kinetoplastida; Trypanosomatidae) complex and the lizard Leishmania: their classification and evidence for a neotropical origin of the Leishmania-Endotrypanum clade","volume":"44","author":"Noyes","year":"1997"},{"key":"R57","series-title":"Biol Res","first-page":"249","article-title":"Molecular evidence for the importation of Old World Leishmania into the Americas","volume":"26","author":"Momen","year":"1993"},{"key":"R58","series-title":"Infect Gen Evol","first-page":"1091","article-title":"Guns, germs and dogs: On the origin of Leishmania chagasi","volume":"11","author":"Leblois","year":"2011"},{"key":"R59","series-title":"Science","first-page":"265","article-title":"Demonstration of genetic exchange during cyclical development of Leishmania in the sand fly vector","volume":"324","author":"Akopyants","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/86\/5\/article-p799.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/86\/5\/article-p799.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/86\/5\/article-p799.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T17:55:57Z","timestamp":1723053357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/86\/5\/article-p799.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0300","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]}}}