{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:52:15Z","timestamp":1792133535071,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Temperature has played a critical role in the spatiotemporal dynamics of West Nile virus transmission throughout California from its introduction in 2003 through establishment by 2009. We compared two novel mechanistic measures of transmission risk, the temperature-dependent ratio of virus extrinsic incubation period to the mosquito gonotrophic period (BT), and the fundamental reproductive ratio (R<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>) based on a mathematical model, to analyze spatiotemporal patterns of receptivity to viral amplification. Maps of BT and R<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> were created at 20-km scale and compared throughout California to seroconversions in sentinel chicken flocks at half-month intervals. Overall, estimates of BT and R<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> agreed with intensity of transmission measured by the frequency of sentinel chicken seroconversions. Mechanistic measures such as these are important for understanding how temperature affects the spatiotemporal dynamics of West Nile virus transmission and for delineating risk estimates useful to inform vector control agency intervention decisions and communicate outbreak potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,2]],"date-time":"2012-05-02T21:41:15Z","timestamp":1335994875000},"page":"884-894","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Effects of Temperature on Emergence and Seasonality of West Nile Virus in California"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"David M.","family":"Hartley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Le Menach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianchan","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly D.","family":"Gaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William K.","family":"Reisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Science","first-page":"2333","article-title":"Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States","volume":"286","author":"Lanciotti","year":"1999"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1369","article-title":"West Nile virus in California","volume":"10","author":"Reisen","year":"2004"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Proc Mosq Vector Control Assoc Calif","first-page":"66","article-title":"Surveillance for mosquito-borne encephalitis virus activity and human disease, including West Nile virus in California, 2004","volume":"73","author":"Hom","year":"2005"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Condor","first-page":"1","article-title":"Differential impacts of West Nile virus on California birds","volume":"111","author":"Wheeler","year":"2009"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"California West Nile Virus","author":"California Department of Public Health","year":"2010"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"309","article-title":"Effects of temperature on the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"43","author":"Reisen","year":"2006"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Int J Hlth Geograph","first-page":"67","article-title":"Risk factors for human infection with West Nile virus in Connecticut: a multi-year analysis","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2009"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Parasites and Vectors","first-page":"19","article-title":"Local impact of temperature and precipitation on West Nile virus infection in Culex species mosquitoes in northeast Illinois, USA","volume":"19","author":"Ruiz","year":"2010"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Environ Health Perspect","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Infectious disease in a warming world: how weather influenced West Nile virus in the United States (2001\u20132005)","volume":"117","author":"Soverow","year":"2009"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"582","article-title":"Ecology of mosquitoes and St. Louis encephalitis virus in the Los Angeles Basin of California, 1987\u20131990","volume":"29","author":"Reisen","year":"1992"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"27","article-title":"Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes. 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