{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:32:52Z","timestamp":1787031172514,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles punctulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sibling species (\n                    <jats:italic>An. punctulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    s.s.,\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles koliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles farauti<\/jats:italic>\n                    species complex [eight cryptic species]) are principal vectors of malaria and filariasis in the Southwest Pacific. Given significant effort to reduce malaria and filariasis transmission through insecticide-treated net distribution in the region, effective strategies to monitor evolution of insecticide resistance among\n                    <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>punctulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sibling species is essential. Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (\n                    <jats:italic>VGSC<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene have been associated with knock-down resistance (\n                    <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) to pyrethroids and DDT in malarious regions. By examining\n                    <jats:italic>VGSC<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequence polymorphism we developed a multiplex assay to differentiate wild-type versus\n                    <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                    alleles and query intron-based polymorphisms that enable simultaneous species identification. A survey including mosquitoes from seven Papua New Guinea Provinces detected no\n                    <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                    alleles in any\n                    <jats:italic>An. punctulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. Absence of\n                    <jats:italic>VGSC<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequence introgression between species and evidence of geographic separation within species suggests that\n                    <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                    must be monitored in each\n                    <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>punctulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species independently.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,9]],"date-time":"2012-01-09T17:56:40Z","timestamp":1326131800000},"page":"140-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Multiplex Assay for Species Identification and Monitoring of Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles punctulatus Group Populations of Papua New Guinea"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Cara N.","family":"Henry-Halldin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kogulan","family":"Nadesakumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Bosco","family":"Keven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison M.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Siba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel W.","family":"Hetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Kazura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa J.","family":"Reimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"95","article-title":"The punctulatus complex of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"32","author":"Rozeboom","year":"1946"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Trans R Entomol Soc Lond","first-page":"413","article-title":"Morphological studies on the Anopheles punctulatus D\u00f6nitz complex","volume":"125","author":"Bryan","year":"1974"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Bull Entomol 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