{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:17:22Z","timestamp":1791299842909,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Usutu virus (USUV), a flavivirus belonging to the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex, was isolated for the first time from a <jats:italic>Culex neavei<\/jats:italic> mosquito in 1959 in South Africa. Despite multiple isolations of USUV from <jats:italic>Cx. neavei<\/jats:italic> in Africa, its vector competence remains unproven. Therefore, we infected <jats:italic>Cx. neavei<\/jats:italic> orally with the USUV reference strain and used reverse transcription\u2013polymerase chain reaction and an indirect immunofluorescence assay to detect virus in bodies, legs, wings, and saliva of mosquitoes. We demonstrated the susceptibility of <jats:italic>Cx. neavei<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes for the USUV reference strain, its potential to be transmitted, and infection, dissemination, and transmission rates of 90.9%, 40.0%, and 81.3%, respectively. Also, we showed that infection rates are dependent on the virus titer of the blood meal. Given the bionomics of <jats:italic>Cx. neavei<\/jats:italic>, its role as enzootic vector for USUV in Africa in a mosquito-bird transmission cycle or as bridge vector for USUV transmission to humans is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,4]],"date-time":"2012-06-04T20:16:06Z","timestamp":1338840966000},"page":"993-996","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Vector Competence of Culex neavei (Diptera: Culicidae) for Usutu Virus"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Birgit","family":"Nikolay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mawlouth","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousmane","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheikh S.","family":"Boye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadou A.","family":"Sall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"International Catalogue of Arboviruses","first-page":"1059","article-title":"Usutu (SA Ar 1776), nouvel arbovirus du groupe B","volume":"3","author":"McIntosh","year":"1985"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Proc E Afrc Acad","first-page":"141","article-title":"The viruses isolated from arthropods at the East African Virus Research Institute in the 26 years ending December 1963","volume":"II","author":"Woodall","year":"1964"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"1417","article-title":"Usutu virus in Africa","volume":"11","author":"Nikolay","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1651","article-title":"West Nile virus antibodies in wild birds, Morocco, 2008","volume":"15","author":"Figuerola","year":"2009"},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3870","article-title":"Emergence of Usutu virus in Hungary","volume":"45","author":"Bakonyi","year":"2007"},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"861","article-title":"Usutu virus sequences in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae), Spain","volume":"14","author":"Busquets","year":"2008"},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"358","article-title":"Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infections in wild birds captured in Germany","volume":"77","author":"Linke","year":"2007"},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"2807","article-title":"Serological evidence of West Nile virus, Usutu virus and Sindbis virus infection of birds in the UK","volume":"84","author":"Buckley","year":"2003"},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"659","article-title":"Serologic survey of birds for West Nile flavivirus in southern Moravia (Czech Republic)","volume":"8","author":"Hubalek","year":"2008"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Viral Immunol","first-page":"247","article-title":"Serologic survey of potential vertebrate hosts for West Nile virus in Poland","volume":"21","author":"Hubalek","year":"2008"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","first-page":"159","article-title":"Usutu virus in wild birds in northern Italy","volume":"141","author":"Manarolla","year":"2010"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","first-page":"207","article-title":"Emergence and establishment of Usutu virus infection in wild and captive avian species in and around Zurich, Switzerland: genomic and pathologic comparison to other central European outbreaks","volume":"148","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2011"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","first-page":"237","article-title":"Monitoring of Usutu virus activity and spread by using dead bird surveillance in Austria, 2003\u20132005","volume":"122","author":"Chvala","year":"2007"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Euro Surveill","article-title":"Usutu virus infection in a patient who underwent orthotropic liver transplantation, Italy, August\u2013September 2009","volume":"14","author":"Cavrini","year":"2009"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"African Arbovirus Database","author":"CRORA","year":"2005"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Euro Surveill","article-title":"First human case of Usutu virus neuroinvasive infection, Italy, August\u2013September 2009","volume":"14","author":"Pecorari","year":"2009"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Epizootiology of Usutu virus associated bird mortality in Austria. Austrian Contributions to Veterinary Epidemiology","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Chvala-Mannsberger","year":"2007"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"125","article-title":"Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae): a bridge vector of West Nile virus to humans","volume":"45","author":"Hamer","year":"2008"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"551","article-title":"Detection of Usutu virus within a West Nile virus surveillance program in northern Italy","volume":"11","author":"Tamba","year":"2010"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"113","article-title":"A simple micro-culture method for the study of group B arboviruses","volume":"40","author":"De Madrid","year":"1969"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"367","article-title":"Avian host and mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence determine the efficiency of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus transmission","volume":"42","author":"Reisen","year":"2005"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Am Mosq Control Assoc Bull","first-page":"61","article-title":"Manual for mosquito rearing and experimental techniques","author":"Gerberg","year":"1994"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"445","article-title":"Potential role of sylvatic and domestic African mosquito species in dengue emergence","volume":"73","author":"Diallo","year":"2005"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Res Virol","first-page":"417","article-title":"Continuous cell lines and immune ascitic fluid pools in arbovirus detection","volume":"143","author":"Digoutte","year":"1992"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Arch Inst Pasteur Madagascar","first-page":"287","article-title":"The presence of the Culex (Culex) neavei mosquito in Madagascar: its relevance in the transmission of arboviruses [in French]","volume":"56","author":"Fontenille","year":"1989"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"226","article-title":"Experimental assessment of the vector competence of Culex (Culex) neavei Theobald with West Nile and Sindbis viruses in South Africa","volume":"80","author":"Jupp","year":"1986"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Bull Entomol Res","first-page":"517","article-title":"The feeding habits of some west African Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes","volume":"62","author":"Snow","year":"1973"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Bull Entomol Res","first-page":"695","article-title":"The feeding habits of some culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in The Gambia","volume":"68","author":"Snow","year":"1978"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"Proc R Entomol Soc Lond","first-page":"19","article-title":"Records of Culex species (Diptera: Culicidae) from West Nile district, Uganda, with notes on their behavior","volume":"22","author":"Lumsden","year":"1953"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"Bull Entomol Res","first-page":"133","article-title":"Studies on some ornithophilic mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of the Kano Plain, Kenya","volume":"66","author":"Chandler","year":"1976"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"629","article-title":"Impact of extrinsic incubation temperature and virus exposure on vector competence of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus","volume":"7","author":"Richards","year":"2007"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"264","article-title":"Environmental and biological factors influencing Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence for Saint Louis encephalitis virus","volume":"81","author":"Richards","year":"2009"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"J Vector Ecol","first-page":"426","article-title":"Temporal distribution and spatial pattern of abundance of the Rift valley fever and West Nile fever vectors in Barkedji, Senegal","volume":"36","author":"Diallo","year":"2011"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"589","article-title":"Predicting West Nile virus seroprevalence in wild birds in Senegal","volume":"9","author":"Chevalier","year":"2009"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot","first-page":"283","article-title":"Feeding pattern of Rift Valley Fever virus vectors in Senegal. Implications in the disease epidemiology [in French]","volume":"99","author":"Ba","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/86\/6\/article-p993.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/86\/6\/article-p993.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/86\/6\/article-p993.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T17:51:45Z","timestamp":1723053105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/86\/6\/article-p993.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0509","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]]}}}