{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T08:14:22Z","timestamp":1778314462254,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To determine whether West Nile virus (WNV) persistent infection in avian hosts may potentially serve as an overwintering mechanism, House Sparrows and House Finches, experimentally and naturally infected with several strains of WNV, and two naturally infected Western Scrub-Jays were held in mosquito-proof outdoor aviaries from 2007\u2013March 2008. Overall, 94% (n = 36) of House Sparrows, 100% (n = 14) of House Finches and 2 Western Scrub-Jays remained WNV antibody positive. When combined by species, 37% of the House Sparrows, 50% of the House Finches, and 2 Western Scrub-Jays were WNV RNA positive at necropsy, up to 36 weeks post-infection. Infectious WNV was not detected. Our study supports the hypothesis that some avian hosts support the long-term persistence of WNV RNA, but it remains unresolved whether these infections relapse to restart an avian-arthropod transmission cycle and thereby serve as an overwintering mechanism for WNV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,5]],"date-time":"2012-09-05T22:18:59Z","timestamp":1346883539000},"page":"559-564","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Detection of Persistent West Nile Virus RNA in Experimentally and Naturally Infected Avian Hosts"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Sarah S.","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanley A.","family":"Langevin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron C.","family":"Brault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William K.","family":"Reisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol","first-page":"649","article-title":"Flavivirus genome organization, expression, and replication","volume":"44","author":"Chambers","year":"1990"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Adv Virus Res","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)61005-5","article-title":"West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America","volume":"61","author":"Komar","year":"2003"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Science","first-page":"2333","article-title":"Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States","volume":"286","author":"Lanciotti","year":"1999"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Annu Rev Entomol","first-page":"61","article-title":"A global perspective on the epidemiology of West Nile virus","volume":"53","author":"Kramer","year":"2008"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"367","article-title":"Avian host and mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence determine the efficiency of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus transmission","volume":"42","author":"Reisen","year":"2005"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"311","article-title":"Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus","volume":"9","author":"Komar","year":"2003"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"51","article-title":"Clinical evaluation and outcomes of naturally acquired West Nile virus infection in raptors","volume":"40","author":"Nemeth","year":"2009"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"287","article-title":"Persistent West Nile virus infection in the golden hamster: studies on its mechanism and possible implications for other flavivirus infections","volume":"192","author":"Tesh","year":"2005"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e10649","article-title":"Persistence of West Nile virus in the central nervous system and periphery of mice","volume":"5","author":"Appler","year":"2010"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Arch Virol","first-page":"71","article-title":"Study on West Nile virus persistence in monkeys","volume":"75","author":"Pogodina","year":"1983"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"2","article-title":"Persistent infection with West Nile virus years after initial infection","volume":"201","author":"Murray","year":"2010"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR","first-page":"79","article-title":"Study of chronic forms of avian arbovirus infections report 1. 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