{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:26:13Z","timestamp":1793319973409,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Autochthonous human cases of leishmaniasis in the United States are uncommon. We report three new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and details of a previously reported case, all outside the known endemic range in Texas. Surveys for enzootic rodent reservoirs and sand fly vectors were conducted around the residences of three of the case-patients during the summer of 2006; female <jats:italic>Lutzomyia anthophora<\/jats:italic> sand flies were collected at a north Texas and southeast Oklahoma residence of a case-patient, indicating proximity of a suitable vector. Urban sprawl, climatologic variability, or natural expansion of <jats:italic>Leishmania mexicana<\/jats:italic> are possible explanations for the apparent spread to the north and east. Enhanced awareness among healthcare providers in the south central region of the United States is important to ensure clinical suspicion of leishmaniasis, diagnosis, and appropriate patient management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,27]],"date-time":"2012-11-27T06:02:26Z","timestamp":1353996146000},"page":"157-161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Emergence of Autochthonous Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Texas and Southeastern Oklahoma"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Carmen F.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristy K.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Glowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases","first-page":"3463","article-title":"Leishmania species: visceral (kala-azar), cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis","author":"Magill","year":"2010"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"547","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Texas: epidemiology and clinical aspects of human cases","volume":"55","author":"McHugh","year":"1996"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","first-page":"614","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: Texas case diagnosed by electron microscopy","volume":"47","author":"Maloney","year":"2002"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","first-page":"650","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Texas: a northern spread of endemic areas","volume":"58","author":"Wright","year":"2008"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"741","article-title":"Isolation of Leishmania mexicana from Neotoma micropus collected in Texas","volume":"76","author":"McHugh","year":"1990"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Southwest Nat","first-page":"70","article-title":"Demographics, den use, movements, and absence of Leishmania mexicana in southern plains woodrats (Neotoma micropus)","volume":"47","author":"Merkelz","year":"2002"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"171","article-title":"Temporal and spatial distribution of Leishmania mexicana infections in a population of Neotoma micropus","volume":"98","author":"Raymond","year":"2003"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"378","article-title":"Short report: a focus of Leishmania mexicana near Tucson, Arizona","volume":"61","author":"Kerr","year":"1999"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"470","article-title":"Short report: a disseminated infection of Leishmania mexicana in an eastern woodrat, Neotoma floridana, collected in Texas","volume":"69","author":"McHugh","year":"2003"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"243","article-title":"Experimental transmission of Leishmania mexicana by a North American sand fly, Lutzomyia anthophora (Diptera: Psychodidae)","volume":"24","author":"Endris","year":"1987"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"631","article-title":"Isolation of Leishmania mexicana (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) from Lutzomyia anthophora (Diptera: Psychodidae) collected in Texas","volume":"30","author":"McHugh","year":"1993"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"268","article-title":"Population dynamics of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) at two foci of leishmaniasis in Texas","volume":"38","author":"McHugh","year":"2001"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","first-page":"267","article-title":"Amplification of kinetoplast DNA as a tool in the detection and diagnosis of Leishmania","volume":"71","author":"Rodgers","year":"1990"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Mosq News","first-page":"263","article-title":"Phlebotomine sand flies of North America (Diptera: Psychodidae)","volume":"44","author":"Young","year":"1984"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Arch Dermatol","first-page":"301","article-title":"Disseminated anergic cutaneous leishmaniasis. An autochthonous case in Texas and the Mexican states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon","volume":"97","author":"Simpson","year":"1968"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Arch Derm Syphilol","first-page":"124","article-title":"American leishmaniasis: report of an autochthonous case","volume":"51","author":"Stewart","year":"1945"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","first-page":"368","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Texas: report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"23","author":"Furner","year":"1990"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant","first-page":"820","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in a heart transplant patient","volume":"11","author":"Galino","year":"1992"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"58","article-title":"Human cutaneous leishmaniasis acquired in Texas","volume":"34","author":"Gustafson","year":"1985"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","first-page":"985","article-title":"Clinical aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis acquired in Texas","volume":"12","author":"Nelson","year":"1985"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Border Epidemiol Bull","first-page":"1","article-title":"Autochthonous human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Texas","volume":"13","author":"Reed","year":"1986"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"788","article-title":"Autochthonous dermal leishmaniasis in Texas","volume":"25","author":"Shaw","year":"1976"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"280","article-title":"Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in Mexico","volume":"41","author":"Velasco","year":"1989"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Natural Nidality of Transmissible Diseases","author":"Pavlovsky","year":"1966"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"541","article-title":"The leishmaniases \u2013 survival and expansion in a changing world. 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