{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:32:54Z","timestamp":1787031174984,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Intraocular gnathostomiasis is a rare parasitic infection caused by the third-stage larvae of spiruroid nematode\n                    <jats:italic>Gnanthostoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. seen mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. It is a food-borne zoonosis caused by ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, all of which are known to harbor advanced third-stage larvae of\n                    <jats:italic>Gnanthostoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. To date, 74 cases of intraocular gnathostomiasis have been reported from 12 different countries. Only four countries have reported more than 10 cases each, and India shares the rare distinction of being one of them, with 14 cases. Surprisingly, not a single case of cutaneous gnanthostomiasis has ever been reported from India. We present one such case of intraocular gnathostomiasis in a 41-year-old male who presented with an actively motile worm attached to the iris, and we review the pertinent literature of all such cases reported from India.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,4]],"date-time":"2012-04-04T18:40:09Z","timestamp":1333564809000},"page":"620-623","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Intraocular Gnathostomiasis: Report of a Case and Review of Literature"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Gopal S.","family":"Pillai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Radhakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayasree","family":"Maniyelil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tufela","family":"Shafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavitha R.","family":"Dinesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamsul","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"484","article-title":"Gnathostomiasis, another emerging imported disease","volume":"22","author":"Herman","year":"2009"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"319","article-title":"Gnathostomiasis in southeast Asia","volume":"12","author":"Daengsvang","year":"1981"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"1351","article-title":"Emerging helminth zoonoses","volume":"30","author":"McCarthy","year":"2000"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"33","article-title":"Clinical gnathostomiasis: case report and review of the English-language literature","volume":"16","author":"Rusnak","year":"1993"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"279","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of gnathostomiasis","volume":"31","author":"Boongird","year":"1977"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"241","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis in Thailand. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 162 patients with myeloencephalitis probably caused by Gnathostoma spinigerum","volume":"96","author":"Punyagupta","year":"1990"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"J Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"77","article-title":"Ocular gnathostomiasis: a comprehensive review","volume":"33","author":"Nawa","year":"2010"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol","first-page":"57","article-title":"Intravitreal live Gnathostoma spinigerum","volume":"52","author":"Basak","year":"2004"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"J Med Assoc Thai","first-page":"840","article-title":"A case of blindness caused by Gnathstoma spinigerum","volume":"19","author":"Rhitthibaed","year":"1937"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Br J Ophthalmol","first-page":"618","article-title":"Ocular gnathostomiasis","volume":"29","author":"Sen","year":"1945"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Diagnostic Pathology of Parasitic Infections with Clinical Correlations","author":"Guitierrez","year":"2000"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol","first-page":"109","article-title":"Intra-ocular gnathostomiasis","volume":"17","author":"Seal","year":"1969"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Retina","first-page":"438","article-title":"Intraocular Gnathostoma spinigerum. Clinicopathologic study of two cases with review of literature","volume":"14","author":"Biswas","year":"1994"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol","first-page":"252","article-title":"Intraocular gnathostomiasis","volume":"47","author":"Kannan","year":"1999"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Retina","first-page":"67","article-title":"Intravitreal gnathostomiasis and review of literature","volume":"27","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2007"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol","first-page":"276","article-title":"Gnathostomiasis of the anterior chamber","volume":"25","author":"Barua","year":"2007"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Cases J","first-page":"9370","article-title":"Intraocular Gnathostoma spinigerum: a case report","volume":"22","author":"Tiwari","year":"2009"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Am J Ophthalmol","first-page":"140","article-title":"Ultrasound biomicroscopy in the diagnosis and management of intraocular gnathostomiasis","volume":"140","author":"Bhende","year":"2005"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"J Commun Dis","first-page":"197","article-title":"Intracameral gnathostomiasins: a first case report from Pondicherry","volume":"31","author":"Rao","year":"1999"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol","first-page":"77","article-title":"Human ocular dirofilariasis in Kerala Southern India","volume":"43","author":"Sekhar","year":"2000"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol","first-page":"183","article-title":"Subretinal worm and repeat laser photocoagulation","volume":"17","author":"Natesh","year":"2010"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol","first-page":"178","article-title":"Nematode in the retina","volume":"38","author":"Ittyerah","year":"1990"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"650","article-title":"Double-dose ivermetcin vs albendazole for treatment of gnathostomiasis","volume":"36","author":"Nontasut","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/86\/4\/article-p620.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/86\/4\/article-p620.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/86\/4\/article-p620.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T13:56:46Z","timestamp":1723039006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/86\/4\/article-p620.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0719","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]}}}