{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T07:40:36Z","timestamp":1789890036113,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Anemia affects one-quarter of the world's population, but its etiology remains poorly understood. We determined the prevalence of anemia and studied underlying risk factors in infants (6\u201323 months), young school-aged children (6\u20138 years), and young non-pregnant women (15\u201325 years) in south-central C\u00f4te d'Ivoire. Blood, stool, and urine samples were subjected to standardized, quality-controlled methods. We found high prevalence of anemia, malaria, inflammation, and deficiencies of iron, riboflavin, and vitamin A but low prevalence and intensities of soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infections. Multivariate regression analysis revealed significant associations between anemia and <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> for infants, inflammation for school-aged children, and cellular iron deficiency for both school-aged children and non-pregnant women. Women with riboflavin deficiency had significantly lower odds of anemia. Our findings call for interventions to protect infants from malaria, improved intake of dietary iron, better access to health care, and health education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,5]],"date-time":"2012-09-05T22:18:59Z","timestamp":1346883539000},"page":"425-434","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Etiology of Anemia Among Infants, School-Aged Children, and Young Non-Pregnant Women in Different Settings of South-Central C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie A.","family":"Righetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahou-Yah G.","family":"Koua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas G.","family":"Adiossan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Glinz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard F.","family":"Hurrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli\u00e9zer K.","family":"N'Goran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Niamk\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Wegm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrg","family":"Utzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Public Health Nutr","first-page":"444","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993\u20132005","volume":"12","author":"McLean","year":"2009"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"44","article-title":"An update on anemia in less developed countries","volume":"77","author":"Tolentino","year":"2007"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Iron Deficiency Anemia: Assessment, Prevention and Control","author":"WHO\/UNICEF\/UNU","year":"2001"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"J Nutr","first-page":"635","article-title":"In a randomized controlled trial of iron fortification, anthelmintic treatment, and intermittent preventive treatment of malaria for anemia control in Ivorian children, only anthelmintic treatment shows modest benefit","volume":"140","author":"Rohner","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"J Nutr","first-page":"1814","article-title":"Salt dual-fortified with iodine and micronized ground ferric pyrophosphate affects iron status but not hemoglobin in children in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire","volume":"136","author":"Wegm\u00fcller","year":"2006"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","first-page":"776","article-title":"Prevalence of iron deficiency with and without concurrent anemia in population groups with high prevalences of malaria and other infections: a study in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire","volume":"74","author":"Staubli Asobayire","year":"2001"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"68","article-title":"Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria, anemia, and growth in infants in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya","volume":"68","author":"ter Kuile","year":"2003"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"569","article-title":"Research in a war zone","volume":"474","author":"Bonfoh","year":"2011"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1292","article-title":"Diagnosis, clinical features, and self-reported morbidity of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm infection in a co-endemic setting","volume":"5","author":"Becker","year":"2011"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"541","article-title":"Changes in human schistosomiasis levels after the construction of two large hydroelectric dams in central C\u00f4te d'Ivoire","volume":"75","author":"N'Goran","year":"1997"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Adequacy of Sample Size in Health Studies","author":"WHO","year":"1990"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo","first-page":"397","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"14","author":"Katz","year":"1972"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Basic Laboratory Methods in Medical Parasitology","author":"WHO","year":"1991"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Clin Chem","first-page":"1111","article-title":"Differentiation of electrophoretically similar hemoglobins\u2014such as S, D, G, and P; 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