{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:33:46Z","timestamp":1791297226212,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an emerging arbovirus, and inter-continental spread is an impending threat. The virus is maintained in a transmission cycle between mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts, including birds. We detected variation in interspecies responses among North American birds to infection with strains of two different JEV genotypes (I and III). Several native North American passerine species and ring-billed gulls had the highest average peak viremia titers after inoculation with a Vietnamese (genotype I) JEV strain. Oral JEV shedding was minimal and cloacal shedding was rarely detected. The majority of birds, both viremic (72 of 74; 97.3%) and non-viremic (31 of 37; 83.8%), seroconverted by 14 days post-inoculation and West Nile virus-immune individuals had cross-protection against JEV viremia. Reservoir competence and serologic data for a variety of avian taxa are important for development of JEV surveillance and control strategies and will aid in understanding transmission ecology in the event of JEV expansion to North America.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,21]],"date-time":"2012-09-21T15:15:22Z","timestamp":1348240522000},"page":"760-767","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["North American Birds as Potential Amplifying Hosts of Japanese Encephalitis Virus"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Nemeth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Bosco-Lauth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Oesterle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Kohler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Past, present, and future of Japanese encephalitis","volume":"15","author":"Erlanger","year":"2009"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Nat Med","first-page":"S98","article-title":"Emerging Flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses","volume":"10","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2004"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Annu Rev Entomol","first-page":"17","article-title":"Ecology and geographical expansion of Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"54","author":"van den Hurk","year":"2009"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"511","article-title":"Potential for the emergence of Japanese encephalitis virus in California","volume":"9","author":"Nett","year":"2009"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"614","article-title":"Ecologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. IV. Avian infection","volume":"83","author":"Buescher","year":"1959"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"605","article-title":"Immunologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. III. Infection and antibody responses of birds","volume":"83","author":"Buescher","year":"1959"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Jpn Med J (Natl Inst Health Jpn)","first-page":"247","article-title":"Relationship between Japanese B and Russian spring-summer encephalitis and birds","volume":"6","author":"Kitaoka","year":"1953"},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Jpn Med J","first-page":"282","article-title":"On susceptibility of Japanese wild birds for Japanese B encephalitis virus","volume":"1","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1948"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"709","article-title":"Experimental viremia and transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus by mosquitoes in ardeid birds","volume":"66","author":"Soman","year":"1977"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Arch Virol","first-page":"373","article-title":"Natural and experimental infections of Japanese tree sparrows with Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"49","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1975"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Acta Virol","first-page":"185","article-title":"Serological evidence for Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus infections in water frequenting and terrestrial wild birds in Kolar District, Karnataka State, India. A retrospective study","volume":"47","author":"Jamgaonkar","year":"2003"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"1735","article-title":"Serological evidence of arbovirus activity in birds and small mammals in Japanese encephalitis affected areas of Bankura District, West Bengal","volume":"64","author":"Kaul","year":"1976"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mosquito collection in heronries and antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus in birds in Asansol-Dhanbad region","volume":"71","author":"Khan","year":"1980"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Int J Zoonoses","first-page":"7","article-title":"Serological evidence of persistence of Japanese encephalitis virus activity in Bihar, India","volume":"10","author":"Loach","year":"1983"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"258","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses among wild birds in the Krishna-Godavari Delta, Andhra Pradesh, India","volume":"75","author":"Rodrigues","year":"1981"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"J Vet Sci","first-page":"373","article-title":"Serosurveillance for Japanese encephalitis virus in wild birds captured in Korea","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2011"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"2915","article-title":"Genetic variation of Japanese encephalitis virus in nature","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"1990"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Arboviruses","first-page":"189","article-title":"Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections","author":"Beaty","year":"1995"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Model Selection and Multi\u2013Model Inference: A Practical Information\u2013Theoretic Approach","author":"Burnham","year":"2002"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"990","article-title":"Global trends in emerging infectious diseases","volume":"451","author":"Jones","year":"2008"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"3091","article-title":"Origin and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus in southeast Asia","volume":"77","author":"Solomon","year":"2003"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"242","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of Japanese encephalitis virus: envelope gene based analysis reveals a fifth genotype, geographic clustering, and multiple introductions of the virus into the Indian subcontinent","volume":"65","author":"Uchil","year":"2001"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"403","article-title":"Mosquito host-feeding patterns and implications for Japanese encephalitis virus transmission in northern Australia and Papua New Guinea","volume":"17","author":"van den Hurk","year":"2003"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"J Exp Med","first-page":"184","article-title":"Laboratory transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus by seven species (three Genera) of North American mosquitoes","volume":"83","author":"Reeves","year":"1946"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"548","article-title":"Experimental vertical transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus by Culex tritaeniorhynchus and other mosquitoes","volume":"40","author":"Rosen","year":"1989"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"1340","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis studies in Vellore, South India. Part IV. Search for virological and serological evidence of infection in animals other than man","volume":"56","author":"Carey","year":"1968"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Am J Hyg","first-page":"249","article-title":"Japanese B encephalitis virus in the blood of experimentally inoculated birds","volume":"53","author":"Hammon","year":"1951"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci","first-page":"655","article-title":"Primary viremia responses of herons to experimental infection with Murray Valley encephalitis, Kunjin and Japanese encephalitis viruses","volume":"61","author":"Boyle","year":"1983"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"Auk","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Ecology of West Nile virus transmission and its impact on birds in the western hemisphere","volume":"124","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2007"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"311","article-title":"Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus","volume":"9","author":"Komar","year":"2003"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Jap J Sanit Zool","first-page":"155","article-title":"An attempt to establish the chronic infection of pigeons with Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"22","author":"Chunikhin","year":"1971"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"631","article-title":"Dead bird surveillance as an early warning system for West Nile virus","volume":"7","author":"Eidson","year":"2001"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Arch Virol","first-page":"685","article-title":"Multiple amino acid variations in the nonstructural proteins of swine Japanese encephalitis virus alter its virulence in mice","volume":"156","author":"Wu","year":"2011"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"Nat Genet","first-page":"1162","article-title":"A single positively selected West Nile viral mutation confers increased virogenesis in American crows","volume":"39","author":"Brault","year":"2007"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"1625","article-title":"Shift in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype circulating in northern Vietnam: implications for frequent introductions of JEV from Southeast Asia to East Asia","volume":"85","author":"Nga","year":"2004"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"737","article-title":"Recent change of the antigenicity and genotype of Japanese encephalitis viruses distributed on Okinawa Island, Japan","volume":"77","author":"Saito","year":"2007"},{"key":"R37","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"780","article-title":"Vector competence of Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Taiwan for a sympatric strain of Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"37","author":"Weng","year":"2000"},{"key":"R38","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"250","article-title":"Method of infection does not alter response of chicks and house finches to western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses","volume":"37","author":"Reisen","year":"2000"},{"key":"R39","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"337","article-title":"Enhanced early West Nile virus infection in young chickens infected by mosquito bite: effect of viral dose","volume":"75","author":"Styer","year":"2006"},{"key":"R40","series-title":"Avian Dis","first-page":"421","article-title":"Cross-protection between West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses in red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus)","volume":"53","author":"Nemeth","year":"2009"},{"key":"R41","series-title":"Acta Virol","first-page":"157","article-title":"Experimental studies on the susceptibility of domestic pigs to West Nile virus followed by Japanese encephalitis virus infection and vice versa","volume":"38","author":"Ilkal","year":"1994"},{"key":"R42","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"727","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in a golden hamster model and evaluation of flavivirus cross-protective immunity","volume":"84","author":"Bosco-Lauth","year":"2011"},{"key":"R43","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"726","article-title":"Transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus to chicks by individual Culex bitaeniorhynchus mosquitoes","volume":"86","author":"Banerjee","year":"1987"},{"key":"R44","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"282","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis studies in Vellore, South India. Part V. Experimental infection and transmission","volume":"57","author":"Carey","year":"1969"},{"key":"R45","series-title":"Hum Wildl Confl","first-page":"149","article-title":"Ecology and management of feral hogs","volume":"1","author":"Ditchkoff","year":"2007"},{"key":"R46","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"259","article-title":"Proposal for Japanese encephalitis surveillance using captured invasive mongooses under an eradication project on Okinawa Island, Japan","volume":"9","author":"Saito","year":"2009"},{"key":"R47","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"457","article-title":"Transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus from the black flying fox, Pteropus alecto, to Culex annulirostris mosquitoes, despite the absence of detectable viremia","volume":"81","author":"van den Hurk","year":"2009"},{"key":"R48","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"939","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis viruses from bats in Yunnan, China","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2009"},{"key":"R49","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"800","article-title":"Studies of arthropod-borne virus infections in Chiroptera I. Susceptibility of insectivorous species to experimental infection with Japanese B and St. Louis encephalitis viruses","volume":"12","author":"Sulkin","year":"1963"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/87\/4\/article-p760.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/87\/4\/article-p760.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/87\/4\/article-p760.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T17:19:56Z","timestamp":1723051196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/87\/4\/article-p760.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,3]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0141","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,3]]}}}