{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T06:42:56Z","timestamp":1776062576356,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is fatal if untreated, and there are no vaccines for this disease. High levels of CD4-derived interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) in the presence of low levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) predicts vaccine success. Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) is also important in this process. We characterized human immune responses in three groups exposed to <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum chagasi<\/jats:italic> in Brazil: 1) drug-cured VL patients (recovered VL); 2) asymptomatic persons with positive <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions (DTH+); and 3) DTH-negative household contacts. Magnitude of DTH correlated with crude <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> antigen\u2013driven IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-5, but not IL-10. DTH+ persons showed equivalent levels of IFN-\u03b3, but higher levels of IL-10, to tryparedoxin peroxidase and <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> homolog of receptor for activated C kinase compared with recovered VL patients. The IFN-\u03b3:IL-10 and TNF-\u03b1:IL-10 ratios were higher in recovered VL patients than in DTH+ persons. Seven of 11 novel candidates (R71, L37, N52, L302.06, M18, J41, and M22) elicited cytokine responses (36\u201371% of responders) in recovered VL patients and DTH+ persons. This result confirmed their putative status as cross-species vaccine\/immunotherapeutic candidates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,21]],"date-time":"2012-09-21T15:15:22Z","timestamp":1348240522000},"page":"663-670","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Cytokine Responses to Novel Antigens in a Peri-Urban Population in Brazil Exposed to Leishmania infantum chagasi"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Carmel B.","family":"Stober","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selma M. 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