{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:56:37Z","timestamp":1791219397715,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Animal and human studies suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection may increase risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition. Therefore, we tested 345 reproductive age women in rural Tanzanian villages near Lake Victoria, where\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    is hyperendemic, for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and schistosomiasis by circulating anodic antigen (CAA) serum assay. Over one-half (54%) had an active schistosome infection; 6% were HIV-seropositive. By univariate analysis, only schistosome infection predicted HIV infection (odds ratio [OR] = 3.9, 95% confidence interval = [1.3\u201312.0],\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.015) and remained significant using multivariate analysis to control for age, STIs, and distance from the lake (OR = 6.2 [1.7\u201322.9],\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.006). HIV prevalence was higher among women with more intense schistosome infections (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.005), and the median schistosome intensity was higher in HIV-infected than -uninfected women (400 versus 15 pg CAA\/mL,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.01). This finding suggests that\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection may be a modifiable HIV risk factor that places millions of people worldwide at increased risk of HIV acquisition.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]],"date-time":"2012-10-02T02:49:40Z","timestamp":1349146180000},"page":"868-873","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Association of Schistosomiasis and HIV Infection in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Downs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Govert J.","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Changalucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul L. A. M.","family":"Corstjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert N.","family":"Peck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia J.","family":"de Dood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heejung","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aura","family":"Andreasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel E.","family":"Kalluvya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisette","family":"van Lieshout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren D.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel W.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Schistosomiasis, Fact Sheet No. 115","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1106","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"368","author":"Gryseels","year":"2006"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"364","article-title":"Urogenital schistosomiasis in women of reproductive age in Tanzania's Lake Victoria region","volume":"84","author":"Downs","year":"2011"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e265","article-title":"Acute Schistosoma mansoni infection increases susceptibility to systemic SHIV clade C infection in rhesus macaques after mucosal virus exposure","volume":"2","author":"Chenine","year":"2008"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1648","article-title":"Treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infection increases helminth-specific type 2 cytokine responses and HIV-1 loads in coinfected Ugandan adults","volume":"191","author":"Brown","year":"2005"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"103","article-title":"Associations between helminth infection and CD4+ T cell count, viral load and cytokine responses in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults","volume":"97","author":"Elliott","year":"2003"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"145","article-title":"Epidemiology of HIV and Schistosoma mansoni infections among sugar-estate residents in Ethiopia","volume":"94","author":"Fontanet","year":"2000"},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"2169","article-title":"Correlation between eosinophils and protection against reinfection with Schistosoma 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alternatives","volume":"41","author":"Jonckheere","year":"1954"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1270","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni enhances host susceptibility to mucosal but not intravenous challenge by R5 clade C SHIV","volume":"5","author":"Siddappa","year":"2011"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"8559","article-title":"Dendritic cell IL-23 and IL-1 production in response to schistosome eggs induces Th17 cells in a mouse strain prone to severe immunopathology","volume":"181","author":"Shainheit","year":"2008"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"2486","article-title":"IL-23 is required for the development of severe egg-induced immunopathology in schistosomiasis and for lesional expression of IL-17","volume":"180","author":"Rutitzky","year":"2008"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"Blood","first-page":"2826","article-title":"Differential Th17 CD4 T-cell depletion in pathogenic and nonpathogenic lentiviral infections","volume":"112","author":"Brenchley","year":"2008"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"6032","article-title":"Characterization of a human cervical CD4+ T cell subset coexpressing multiple markers of HIV susceptibility","volume":"187","author":"McKinnon","year":"2011"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"Antivir Ther","first-page":"405","article-title":"High prevalence of liver fibrosis associated with HIV infection: a study in rural Rakai, Uganda","volume":"16","author":"Stabinski","year":"2011"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS","first-page":"254","article-title":"The effects of schistosomiasis on HIV\/AIDS infection, progression and transmission","volume":"7","author":"Secor","year":"2012"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"6668","article-title":"Increased density of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 on the surfaces of CD4(+) T cells and monocytes of patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"71","author":"Secor","year":"2003"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1956","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and HIV-1 infection in rural Zimbabwe: effect of treatment of schistosomiasis on CD4 cell count and plasma HIV-1 RNA load","volume":"192","author":"Kallestrup","year":"2005"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"AIDS","first-page":"2437","article-title":"The effect of treatment of schistosomiasis on blood plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration in coinfected individuals","volume":"14","author":"Lawn","year":"2000"},{"key":"R37","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Treatment of intestinal helminths does not reduce plasma concentrations of HIV-1 RNA in coinfected Zambian adults","volume":"192","author":"Modjarrad","year":"2005"},{"key":"R38","series-title":"Parasite Immunol","first-page":"309","article-title":"Immunology of human schistosomiasis: off the beaten 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in individuals with recent or light infections","volume":"77","author":"van Lieshout","year":"2000"},{"key":"R43","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"592","article-title":"Resistance to reinfection with Schistosoma mansoni in occupationally exposed adults and effect of HIV-1 co-infection on susceptibility to schistosomiasis: a longitudinal study","volume":"360","author":"Karanja","year":"2002"},{"key":"R44","series-title":"Public Health in the 21st Century","article-title":"The role of epidemiology and biostatistics in health news reporting","author":"Trushin","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and 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