{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T12:54:35Z","timestamp":1762520075280},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The definitive diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) requires invasive procedures for demonstration of parasites in tissue smear or culture. These procedures need expertise and laboratory supports and cannot be performed in the field. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the existing rK-39 immunochromatographic nitrocellulose strips test (ICT) with some modification in human urine for diagnosis of VL. The test was performed on both sera and urine samples on the same 786 subjects (365 confirmed VL and 421 control subjects). The sensitivity of the rK-39 ICT in serum was 100%, whereas the specificity was 93.8%, 100%, and 96.2% in healthy controls from endemic, non-endemic, and other infectious diseases, respectively. However, in urine samples, the test showed 96.1% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Considering sensitivity and feasibility of the test in the field, rK-39 ICT using urine samples can be an alternative to conventional invasive VL diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,14]],"date-time":"2012-11-14T03:00:15Z","timestamp":1352862015000},"page":"222-226","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Evaluation of rK-39 Strip Test Using Urine for Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Region of India"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Dharmendra","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krishna","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vidya Nand Rabi","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sushmita","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neena","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alok","family":"Ranjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sekhar Chandra","family":"Lal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamal Roshan","family":"Topno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shubhankar Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rakesh Bihari","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abul Hasan","family":"Sardar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bidyut","family":"Purkait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"9375","article-title":"Evolutionary and geographical history of the Leishmania donovani complex with a revision of current taxonomy","volume":"104","author":"Lukes","year":"2007"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"684","article-title":"Human leishmaniasis: clinical, diagnostic, and chemotherapeutic developments in the last 10 years","volume":"24","author":"Berman","year":"1997"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"305","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives","volume":"27","author":"Desjeux","year":"2004"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e35671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1405","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent: modelling epidemiology and control","volume":"5","author":"Stauch","year":"2011"},{"issue":"(Suppl 2)","key":"R6","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"4","article-title":"Annual incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Bihar, India","volume":"15","author":"Das","year":"2010"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: developments over the last decade","volume":"110","author":"Srividya","year":"2012"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"505","article-title":"Kala-azar: a comparative study of parasitological methods and the direct agglutination test in diagnosis","volume":"86","author":"Zijlstra","year":"1992"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Clin Dermatol","first-page":"417","article-title":"Leishmaniasis. 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