{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:49:30Z","timestamp":1789382970612,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>. The disease remains as an important public health problem in developing countries. Extrapulmonary TB became more common with the advent of infection with human immunodeficiency virus and by the increase in the number of organ transplantation, which also leads to immunosuppression of thousand of persons. Urogenital TB represents 27% of extrapulmonary cases. Renal involvement in TB can be part of a disseminated infection or a localized genitourinary disease. Renal involvement by TB infection is underdiagnosed in most health care centers. Most patients with renal TB have sterile pyuria, which can be accompanied by microscopic hematuria. The diagnosis of urinary tract TB is based on the finding of pyuria in the absence of common bacterial infection. The first choice drugs include isoniazide, rifampicin, pirazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin. Awareness of renal TB is urgently needed by physicians for suspecting this disease in patients with unexplained urinary tract abnormalities, mainly in those with any immunosuppression and those coming from TB-endemic areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2013.12-0413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,9]],"date-time":"2013-01-09T17:42:25Z","timestamp":1357753345000},"page":"54-64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Renal Tuberculosis in the Modern Era"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth De Francesco","family":"Daher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraldo Bezerra","family":"da Silva Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvino Jos\u00e9 Guard\u00e3o","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"3684","article-title":"A new evolutionary scenario for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex","volume":"99","author":"Brosch","year":"2002"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Global Tuberculosis Control 2004: Epidemiology, Strategy, Financing","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis","first-page":"347","article-title":"Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the United States","volume":"141","author":"Rieder","year":"1990"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"The Biology of Mycobacteria","first-page":"245","article-title":"Extrapulmonary tuberculosis","author":"Kennedy","year":"1989"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis","first-page":"1292","article-title":"Relationship of the manifestations of tuberculosis to CD4 cell counts in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"148","author":"Jones","year":"1993"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Transplant Proc","first-page":"905","article-title":"Tuberculosis in renal transplants in Rio de Janeiro","volume":"36","author":"Matuck","year":"2004"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Infections of the Kidney and Urinary Tract","first-page":"291","article-title":"Tuberculosis, leprosy and other mycobacterial diseases","author":"Eastwood","year":"1996"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Tuberculosis and HIV","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Rev Saude Publica","first-page":"104","article-title":"Tuberculose e infec\u00e7\u00e3o pelo HIV no Brasil: magnitude do problema e estrat\u00e9gias para o controle","volume":"41","author":"Jamal","year":"2007"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Goldman's Cecil Medicine","first-page":"1939","article-title":"Tuberculosis","author":"Ellner","year":"2011"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res","first-page":"1102","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in AIDS: frequency, RIFLE classification and outcome","volume":"43","author":"Silva Junior","year":"2010"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Nat Rev Urol","first-page":"678","article-title":"Etiology and management of genitourinary tuberculosis","volume":"8","author":"Abbara","year":"2011"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop","first-page":"119","article-title":"Characterization of tuberculosis among HIV\/AIDS patients at a referral center in Mato Grosso do Sul","volume":"42","author":"Cheade","year":"2009"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Pediatr Nephrol","first-page":"1759","article-title":"Renal manifestations in children co-infected with HIV and disseminated tuberculosis","volume":"25","author":"Nourse","year":"2010"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant","first-page":"1260","article-title":"Acute renal failure of unknown origin. 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