{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:05:57Z","timestamp":1789513557878,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Asymptomatic malarial parasitemia represents the largest reservoir of infection and transmission, and the impact of coinfection with HIV-1 on this reservoir remains incompletely described. Accordingly, we sought to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic malarial parasitemia in Kombewa, Western Kenya, a region that is endemic for both malaria and HIV-1. A total of 1,762 dried blood spots were collected from asymptomatic adults in a cross-sectional study. The presence of parasitemia was first determined by a sensitive <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> genus\u2013specific <jats:italic>18S<\/jats:italic> assay, followed by less sensitive species-specific DNA-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The prevalence of asymptomatic malarial parasitemia by <jats:italic>18S<\/jats:italic> genus-specific PCR assay was 64.4% (1,134\/1,762). Of the 1,134 malaria positive samples, <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> was the most prevalent species (57.4%), followed by <jats:italic>Plasmodium malariae<\/jats:italic> (3.8%) and <jats:italic>Plasmodium ovale<\/jats:italic> (2.6%) as single or mixed infections. As expected, the majority of infections were below the detection limit of microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests. HIV-1 prevalence was 10.6%, and we observed a significant association with malarial parasitemia by \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> analysis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.0475). Seventy-one percent of HIV-1 infected volunteers were positive for <jats:italic>Plasmodium 18S<\/jats:italic> (132\/186), with only 29% negative (54\/186). In HIV-1-negative volunteers, the proportion was lower; 64% were found to be positive for <jats:italic>18S<\/jats:italic> (998\/1,569) and 36% were negative (571\/1,569). Overall, the prevalence of asymptomatic malarial parasitemia in Western Kenya is high, and knowledge of these associations with HIV-1 infection are critically important for malaria elimination and eradication efforts focused on this important reservoir population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T16:01:51Z","timestamp":1623081711000},"page":"159-166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Asymptomatic falciparum and Non-falciparum Malarial Parasitemia in Adult Volunteers with and without HIV-1 Coinfection in a Cohort Study in Western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Carolyne","family":"Kifude","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Basic Science Laboratory, U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate\u2013Africa\/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Stiffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rockabrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Basic Science Laboratory, U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate\u2013Africa\/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya;"},{"name":"2Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Ocholla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Basic Science Laboratory, U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate\u2013Africa\/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel I.","family":"Dizon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandi K.","family":"Torrevillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Waitumbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Basic Science Laboratory, U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate\u2013Africa\/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Oyieko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Basic Science Laboratory, U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate\u2013Africa\/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley","family":"Luckhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho;"},{"name":"4Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. Ann","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/1\/article-p159.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/1\/article-p159.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T15:39:11Z","timestamp":1625758751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/1\/article-p159.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]}}}