{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:21:41Z","timestamp":1790400101680,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract.<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2016, we reported the presence of <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> in Botswana through active case detection. A real-time PCR was used during a similar study in 10 districts to assess changes in the <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> prevalence. We assessed 1,614 children (2\u201313 years of age) for hemoglobin (Hb; g\/dL) and <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> parasites. The median age of all participants was 5.0 years (25<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> percentile, 3 years; 75<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> percentile, 8 years). The median Hb (g\/dL) level was 12.1, but 18.3% of the participants had anemia (Hb &lt; 11.0 g\/dL); these participants were clustered in the younger than 5 years age group in all districts (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). The risk of anemia decreased with age 5 years or older (odds ratio [OR], 0.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.197\u20130.34; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). The prevalence rates of <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> parasites were as follows: <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>, 12.7%; <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>, 12.7%; <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic>, 0.74%; and <jats:italic>P. ovale<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P. ovale curtisi<\/jats:italic>), 0.68%. Mixed infection rates were as follows: <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>, 2.35%; <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. ovale curtisi<\/jats:italic>, 0.56%; <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic>, 0.06%; and <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic>, 0.68%. The infections were largely asymptomatic (99.6%). Using logistic regression, the risk of infection with <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> was highest in Kweneng East (OR, 6.2; 95% CI, 2.9\u201313.1), followed by South East (OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 2.5\u201312.3) and Ngami (OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 2.2\u201312.0). Compared to the risk of infection for children younger than 5 years, the risk of infection decreased for children 5 years or older in regions with high rates of <jats:italic>P. vivax and P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> infections. <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> have expanded within the asymptomatic population in Botswana; therefore, careful attention is required for their elimination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T14:34:32Z","timestamp":1620052472000},"page":"2159-2164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Recent Molecular Assessment of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum Asymptomatic Infections in Botswana"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Thato","family":"Motshoge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Botswana, Department of Biological Science, Gaborone, Botswana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Haiyambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Namibia School of Medicine, Windhoek, Namibia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Ayanful-Torgby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Regent University College of Science and Technology, Department of Engineering, Computing and Allied Health Sciences, Accra, Ghana;"},{"name":"4Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research\u2013Water Research Institute, Council Close, Accra, Ghana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larysa","family":"Aleksenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5University of Lund, Department Clinical Sciences, Lund, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davies","family":"Ntebela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6National Malaria Program Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Malleret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore;"},{"name":"8Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"R\u00e9nia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Peloewetse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Botswana, Department of Biological Science, Gaborone, Botswana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo Maria","family":"Paganotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"10Botswana\u2013University of Pennsylvania Partnership, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana;"},{"name":"11Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"},{"name":"12Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac K.","family":"Quaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Regent University College of Science and Technology, Department of Engineering, Computing and Allied Health Sciences, Accra, Ghana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/6\/article-p2159.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/6\/article-p2159.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T16:40:47Z","timestamp":1622652047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/104\/6\/article-p2159.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0083","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]}}}