{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:32:55Z","timestamp":1787031175073,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In northwestern Kenya, Turkana County has been historically considered unsuitable for stable malaria transmission because of its unfavorable climate and predominantly semi-nomadic population; consequently, it is overlooked during malaria control planning. However, the area is changing, with substantial development, an upsurge in travel associated with resource extraction, and more populated settlements forming. Recently, numerous malaria outbreaks have highlighted the need to characterize malaria transmission and its associated risk factors in the region to inform control strategies. Reactive case detection of confirmed malaria cases at six health facilities across central Turkana was conducted from 2018 to 2019. Infections in household members of index cases were detected by malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and PCR tests, and they were grouped according household and individual characteristics. The relationships between putative risk factors and infection were quantified by multilevel logistic regression models. Of the 3,189 household members analyzed, 33.6% had positive RDT results and\/or PCR test results. RDT-detected infections were more prevalent in children; however, PCR-detected infections were similarly prevalent across age groups. Recent travel was rarely reported and not significantly associated with infection. Bed net coverage was low and net crowding was associated with increased risks of household infections. Infections were present year-round, and fluctuations in prevalence were not associated with rainfall. These findings indicate year-round, endemic transmission with moderate population immunity. This is in stark contrast to recent estimates in this area. Therefore, further investigations to design effective intervention approaches to address malaria in this rapidly changing region and other similar settings across the Horn of Africa are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T09:57:07Z","timestamp":1627898227000},"page":"1076-1084","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum Infections in a Semi-Arid Rural African Setting: Evidence of Reactive Case Detection in Northwestern Kenya"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Hannah R.","family":"Meredith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Wesolowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Menya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Esimit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Health Services and Sanitation, Turkana County, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilchrist","family":"Lokoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Health Services and Sanitation, Turkana County, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kipkoech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betsy","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Lokemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Health Services and Sanitation, Turkana County, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Maragia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Lodwar County Referral Hospital, Turkana County, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Ambani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve M.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;"},{"name":"7Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Prudhomme-O\u2019Meara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya;"},{"name":"5Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;"},{"name":"7Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Obala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/4\/article-p1076.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/4\/article-p1076.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T15:12:59Z","timestamp":1633533179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/4\/article-p1076.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0256","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]}}}