{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:11:21Z","timestamp":1785906681791,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Serological surveillance for vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles and rubella, can provide direct measures of population immunity across age groups, identify gaps in immunity, and document changes in immunity over time. Rigorously conducted, representative household serosurveys provide high-quality estimates with minimal bias. However, they can be logistically challenging, expensive, and have higher refusal rates than vaccine coverage surveys. This article shares lessons learned through implementing nine measles and rubella household serosurveys in five districts in India\u2014the challenges faced, the potential impact on results, and recommendations to facilitate the conduct of serosurveys. Specific lessons learned arose from challenges related to community mobilization owing to lack of cooperation in certain settings and populations, limitations of outdated census information, nonresponse due to refusal or unavailability during survey enumeration and enrollment, data collection issues, and specimen collection and handling issues. Although some experiences are specific to serosurveys in India, these lessons are generalizable to other household surveys, particularly vaccination coverage and serosurveys conducted in low- and middle-income settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T14:32:30Z","timestamp":1633357950000},"page":"1608-1617","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Implementing Serosurveys in India: Experiences, Lessons Learned, and Recommendations"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Alvira Z.","family":"Hasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muthusamy Santhosh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Prosperi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeromie Wesley Vivian","family":"Thangaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Sabarinathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Saravanakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustine","family":"Duraiswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ojas","family":"Kaduskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Diagnostic Virology Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)\u2013National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaishali","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Diagnostic Virology Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)\u2013National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gururaj Rao","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Diagnostic Virology Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)\u2013National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padinjaremattathil Thankappan","family":"Ullas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Encephalitis Group, ICMR\u2013National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gajanan N.","family":"Sapkal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Diagnostic Virology Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)\u2013National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucky","family":"Sangal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5World Health Organization, Southeast Asia Region Office, New Delhi, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay M.","family":"Mehendale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nivedita","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"},{"name":"7Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;"},{"name":"8W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyla","family":"Hayford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj V.","family":"Murhekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"_","family":"_","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/6\/article-p1608.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/6\/article-p1608.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T23:02:28Z","timestamp":1638399748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/105\/6\/article-p1608.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0401","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]}}}