{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:31:56Z","timestamp":1785839516293,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Livestock can provide benefits to low-income households, yet may expose children to zoonotic enteropathogens that cause illness and negative long-term health outcomes. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine whether livestock-related risk factors, including animal ownership, exposure to animal feces, and consumption of animal-source foods, were associated with bacterial zoonotic enteropathogen infections in children 6\u201359 months old in Greater Accra, Ghana. Stool samples from 259 children and 156 household chickens were analyzed for atypical enteropathogenic <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (aEPEC), <jats:italic>Campylobacter jejuni\/coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C. jejuni\/coli<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>, and Shiga toxin\u2013producing <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (STEC) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). aEPEC, <jats:italic>C. jejuni\/coli,<\/jats:italic> STEC, and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> were detected in 45.6%, 11.6%, 4.3%, and 0.8% of children\u2019s stool samples, respectively. In adjusted logistic regression models, household ownership of goats or sheep was associated with STEC detection in children (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 4.30 [1.32, 14.08]), as were positive detection of STEC in chicken feces (7.85 [2.54, 24.30]) and frequent consumption of fresh cow\u2019s milk (3.03 [1.75, 5.24]). No livestock-related risk factors were associated with aEPEC or <jats:italic>C. jejuni\/coli<\/jats:italic> infection in children. Our findings suggest that ruminant ownership in southern Ghana may expose children to STEC through household fecal contamination and foodborne routes. The lack of association between livestock risk factors and the more commonly detected pathogens, aEPEC and <jats:italic>C. jejuni\/coli<\/jats:italic>, warrants further research, particularly to help explain how animal-keeping and sanitation practices affect transmission of fecal pathogens that were highly prevalent in chicken feces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T17:27:37Z","timestamp":1638206857000},"page":"513-522","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ruminant-Related Risk Factors are Associated with Shiga Toxin\u2013Producing Escherichia coli Infection in Children in Southern Ghana"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Nathalie J.","family":"Lambrecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark L.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Bridges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph N. S.","family":"Eisenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bright","family":"Adu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Baylin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;"},{"name":"2Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Folson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Nutrition, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/2\/article-p513.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/2\/article-p513.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T14:58:47Z","timestamp":1643813927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/2\/article-p513.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0550","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]}}}