{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T10:18:23Z","timestamp":1682504303360},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641340800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The risk of acute respiratory tract infections is particularly pronounced in patients deficient in 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). With respect to COVID-19, there are conflicting evidence on the association of 25(OH)D levels with disease severity. We undertook this study to evaluate the 25(OH)D status in COVID-19 patients admitted in Karachi, Pakistan, and associated vitamin D deficiency with primary outcomes of mortality, length of stay, intubation, and frequency of COVID-19 symptoms. A total of 91 patients were evaluated for 25(OH)D status during their COVID-19 disease course. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were classified as deficient (&lt; 10 ng\/mL), insufficient (10\u201330 ng\/mL), or sufficient (&gt; 30 ng\/mL). The study population comprised 68.1% males (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 62). The mean age was 52.6 \u00b1 15.7 years. Vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with intensive care unit (ICU) admission (RR: 3.20; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.048), invasive ventilation (RR: 2.78; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.043), persistent pulmonary infiltrates (RR: 7.58; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), and death (RR: 2.98; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) on univariate Cox regression. On multivariate Cox regression, only death (RR: 2.13; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.046) and persistent pulmonary infiltrates (RR: 6.78; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.009) remained significant after adjustment for confounding factors. On Kaplan Meier curves, vitamin D deficient patients had persistent pulmonary infiltrates and a greater probability of requiring mechanical ventilation than patients with 25(OH)D \u2265 10 ng\/mL. Mechanical ventilation had to be initiated early in the deficient group during the 30-day hospital stay (Chi-square: 4.565, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.033). Patients with 25(OH)D \u2265 10 ng\/mL also demonstrated a higher probability of survival than those with 25(OH)D concentrations &lt; 10 ng\/mL. 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficient population had longer hospital stays and worse outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T12:40:38Z","timestamp":1636548038000},"page":"150-155","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of Vitamin-D Status and Its Association with Clinical Outcomes Among COVID-19 Patients in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Sohaib","family":"Asghar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences\u2013Ojha Campus, Karachi, Pakistan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Yasmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kartik","family":"Dapke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Muhammad Ismail","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Internal Medicine, Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Daim Bin","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anosh Aslam","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Mohiuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salim","family":"Surani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Adjunct Clinical Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/1\/article-p150.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/1\/article-p150.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T12:08:59Z","timestamp":1641384539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/1\/article-p150.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0577","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]}}}