{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T22:56:52Z","timestamp":1793314612215,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641340800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is endemic in Uganda, yet its epidemiology remains largely uncharacterized. To better understand its occurrence within Uganda, case reports of patients hospitalized with CCHF between 2013 and 2019 were reviewed. Further, genome sequences of CCHF-positive RNA obtained during this period were determined for phylogenetic comparisons. We found that a total of 32 cases (75% males; CFR, 31.2%), aged between 9 to 68 years, were reported during the study period. Most cases were detected during July to December of each outbreak year (81.2%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) and were located along the \u201ccattle corridor\u201d (68.7%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03). The most common presenting symptoms were fever (93.8%), hemorrhage (81.3%), headache (78.1%), fatigue (68.8%), vomiting (68.8%), and myalgia (65.6%). In five patients for whom hematological data were available, varied abnormalities were observed including thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, anemia, lymphopenia, lymphocytosis, polycythemia, and microcytosis. About 56.3% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.47) of patients reported tick bites or exposure to livestock as their potential source of infection. Person-to-person transmission was suspected for two cases. Using unbiased metagenomics, we found that the viral S- and L- segments have remained conserved in Africa 2 clade since the 1950s. In contrast, the M segment split into two geographically interspersed clades; one that belongs to Africa 2 and another that is ancestral to Africa 1 and 2. Overall, this data summarizes information on the history and clinical presentation of human CCHF in Uganda. Importantly, it identifies vulnerable populations as well as temporal and geographic regions in Uganda where surveillance and control interventions could be focused.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T17:53:16Z","timestamp":1634579596000},"page":"88-98","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Humans in Uganda, 2013\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Balinandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda;"},{"name":"7School of Biosecurity, Biotechnical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Whitmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Mulei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Nyakarahuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda;"},{"name":"7School of Biosecurity, Biotechnical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Tumusiime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackson","family":"Kyondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Baluku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Mutyaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Mugisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda;"},{"name":"4EcoHealth Research Group, Conservation & Ecosystem Health Alliance (CEHA), Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Malmberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden;"},{"name":"6SLU Global Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Lutwama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor R.","family":"Shoemaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Klena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/1\/article-p88.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/1\/article-p88.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T12:08:20Z","timestamp":1641384500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/1\/article-p88.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0685","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]}}}