{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T19:17:08Z","timestamp":1780859828124,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657670400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Stunting and extreme poverty are considered significant risk factors impacting child development in low-and-middle-income countries. We used two birth cohorts recruited 8\u20139 years apart in urban low-income (slum) settings in Vellore, south India and analyzed secular growth trends and their predictors. In the rotavirus cohort recruited between 2002 and 2003, 373 children completed the 3-year follow-up. \u201cThe Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development\u201d (MAL-ED) cohort recruited between 2010 and 2012 had 215 children completing follow-up. The MAL-ED cohort had better socio-economic status (SES) markers and mothers were better educated compared with the previous cohort. Children in the MAL-ED cohort had less stunting at 1, 2, and 3 years of age. The linear mixed effects model evaluating linear growth during the first 3 years of age showed that low birth weight and being a female child were associated with stunting in both cohorts. There was no association between SES and stunting in the rotavirus cohort, whereas SES was associated with linear growth in the MAL-ED cohort. Future studies could incorporate nutritional and nonnutritional interventions in vulnerable populations to evaluate their effect on birth weight as well as early childhood stunting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T15:00:31Z","timestamp":1657724431000},"page":"45-51","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Secular Growth Trends in Early Childhood\u2014Evidence from Two Low-Income Birth Cohorts Recruited over a Decade in Vellore, India"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Beena","family":"Koshy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Paediatrics Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun S.","family":"Karthikeyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Research Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkata Raghava","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Bose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushil","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Low Cost Effective Care Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gagandeep","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Research Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e916","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30266-2","article-title":"Risk of poor development in young children in low-income and middle-income countries: an estimation and analysis at the global, regional, and country level","volume":"4","year":"2016"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905514Y.0000000158","article-title":"The stunting syndrome in developing countries","volume":"34","year":"2014"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Levels and trends in child malnutrition: key findings of the 2019 Edition of the Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates","year":"2019"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"PLoS Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002164","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002164","article-title":"Risk factors for childhood stunting in 137 developing countries: a comparative risk assessment analysis at global, regional, and country levels","volume":"13","year":"2016"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.02.002","article-title":"Maternal height and child growth patterns","volume":"163","year":"2013"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.1.185","article-title":"Early environment and child-to-adult growth trajectories in the 1958 British birth cohort","volume":"80","year":"2004"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e1002408","article-title":"Childhood stunting in relation to the pre- and postnatal environment during the first 2 years of life: the MAL-ED longitudinal birth cohort study","volume":"14","year":"2017"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"PLOS ONE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0209170","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209170","article-title":"Poverty and a child\u2019s height development during early childhood: a double disadvantage? 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