{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T05:48:36Z","timestamp":1783748916803,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The objective of this study was to analyze the eco-epidemiological aspects of\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    seroprevalence and seroincidence and its associated factors in two municipalities of northwest Colombia. A prospective study was performed in rural areas of Urab\u00e1, Antioquia, Colombia. The study enrolled 597 people between November 2015 and January 2016, of which 274 were followed up 1 year later. Serologic testing was performed by a microscopic agglutination. The outcomes were seroprevalent and seroincident cases, and the primary exposure was an outdoor occupation. A binary and mixed-effect multinomial logistic regression model was used to estimate factors associated with seroprevalent or seroincident cases of\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. The overall\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    seroprevalence was 27.81% (95% confidence interval: 23.62\u201332.49), and the overall cumulative seroincidence for\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    was 14.60% (95% confidence interval: 10.33\u201320.23). Multivariable analysis showed that factors associated with\n                    <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                    serogroups seropositivity were outdoor occupation, male gender, older age, the presence of dirt floor in the household, and the presence of piglets and opossums. It also showed that factors associated with other\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    species serogroups were the presence of pit latrines and of turkeys. In addition, the multivariable model of seroincident cases of\n                    <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                    serogroups evidenced outdoor occupations, the presence of rats, and corn cultivation as risk factors. Likewise, the multivariable model for seroincident cases of other\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    species showed that the presence of hunting canines and cassava cultivation were risk factors. We found specific factors associated with the transmission of\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    serogroups contribute to the understanding of the epidemiology of Leptospira infection in rural areas of Urab\u00e1, Colombia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T08:26:14Z","timestamp":1668414374000},"page":"1267-1277","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Leptospira Infection in Rural Areas of Urab\u00e1 Region, Colombia: A Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Juan C.","family":"Quintero-V\u00e9lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Ciencias Veterinarias Centauro, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn, Colombia;"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Microbiolog\u00eda B\u00e1sica y Aplicada, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn, Colombia;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut;"},{"name":"Grupo de Epidemiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn, Colombia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan D.","family":"Rodas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Ciencias Veterinarias Centauro, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn, Colombia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Epidemiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn, Colombia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert I.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut;"},{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsio A.","family":"Wunder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut;"},{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2208","article-title":"Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen","volume":"7","year":"2009"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Front Microbiol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biodiversity of environmental Leptospira: improving identification and revisiting the diagnosis","volume":"9","year":"2018"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2","article-title":"Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance","volume":"3","year":"2003"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0003898","article-title":"Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review","volume":"17","year":"2015"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal determinants of urban leptospirosis transmission: four-year prospective cohort study of slum residents in Brazil","volume":"10","year":"2016"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2927","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002927","article-title":"Prospective study of leptospirosis transmission in an urban slum community: role of poor environment in repeated exposures to the Leptospira agent","volume":"8","year":"2014"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.45","article-title":"Pathways to zoonotic spillover","volume":"15","year":"2017"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2602.190102","article-title":"Influence of rainfall on Leptospira infection and disease in a tropical urban setting, Brazil","volume":"26","year":"2020"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Biomedica","article-title":"Comportamiento de la vigilancia epidemiol\u00f3gica de la leptospirosis humana en Colombia, 2007\u20132011","volume":"33","year":"2013"},{"key":"b10","year":"2018"},{"key":"b11","year":"2016"},{"key":"b12","year":"2017"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Cad Saude Publica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2007000900017","article-title":"JRestrepo aramillo BN, Arboleda Naranjo M. 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