{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:56:06Z","timestamp":1790834166160,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4_Suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665446400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Food insecurity, recurrent famine, and poverty threaten the health of millions of African residents. Construction of dams and rural irrigation schemes is key to solving these problems. The sub-Saharan Africa International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research addresses major knowledge gaps and challenges in <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria control and elimination in malaria-endemic areas of Kenya and Ethiopia where major investments in water resource development are taking place. This article highlights progress of the International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research in malaria vector ecology and behavior, epidemiology, and pathogenesis since its inception in 2017. Studies conducted in four field sites in Kenya and Ethiopia show that dams and irrigation increased the abundance, stability, and productivity of larval habitats, resulting in increased malaria transmission and a greater disease burden. These field studies, together with hydrological and malaria transmission modeling, enhance the ability to predict the impact of water resource development projects on vector larval ecology and malaria risks, thereby facilitating the development of optimal water and environmental management practices in the context of malaria control efforts. Intersectoral collaborations and community engagement are crucial to develop and implement cost-effective malaria control strategies that meet food security needs while controlling malaria burden in local communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T21:08:20Z","timestamp":1665695300000},"page":"5-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impact of Environmental Modifications on the Ecology, Epidemiology, and Pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Malaria in East Africa"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chieh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guofa","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai-Ling","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teshome","family":"Degefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daibin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Hemming-Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang R.","family":"Mukabana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlene E.","family":"Dent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuolin","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Beeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John I.","family":"Githure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harrysone","family":"Atieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew K.","family":"Githeko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delenasaw","family":"Yewhalaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia;"},{"name":"Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Kazura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Malar J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0873-2","article-title":"Malaria impact of large dams in sub-Saharan Africa: maps, estimates and predictions","volume":"14","author":"Kibret","year":"2015"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652012000400001","article-title":"Impact of dams and irrigation schemes in Anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) bionomics and malaria epidemiology","volume":"54","author":"Sanchez-Ribas","year":"2012"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.392","article-title":"Effect of irrigation and large dams on the burden of malaria on a global and regional scale","volume":"72","author":"Keiser","year":"2005"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J Clim","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5708","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-13-00116.1","article-title":"Introducing an irrigation scheme to a regional climate model: a case study over West Africa","volume":"27","author":"Marcella","year":"2014"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Food Secur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-014-0358-0","article-title":"Water security and rural household food security: empirical evidence from the Mzinyathi District in South Africa","volume":"6","author":"Sinyolo","year":"2014"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Hydrol Earth Syst Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-19-3073-2015","article-title":"Water savings potentials of irrigation systems: global simulation of processes and linkages","volume":"19","author":"Jagermeyr","year":"2015"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Arch Agron Soil Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/03650340.2014.944903","article-title":"Agricultural water management in the world during past half century","volume":"61","author":"Valipour","year":"2015"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e302","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30161-6","article-title":"The effect of global change on mosquito-borne disease","volume":"19","author":"Franklinos","year":"2019"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot","first-page":"123","article-title":"Impact of building a dam on the transmission of malaria: malaria survey conducted in southeast Mauritania","volume":"79","author":"Baudon","year":"1986"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125001636","article-title":"Water-related disease patterns before and after the construction of the Diama dam in northern Senegal","volume":"96","author":"Sow","year":"2002"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Agr Ecosyst Environ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2013.09.014","article-title":"The role of water harvesting to achieve sustainable agricultural intensification and resilience against water related shocks in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"181","author":"Dile","year":"2013"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Environ Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1139\/er-2013-0076","article-title":"Water resource developments in Ethiopia: potential benefits and negative impacts on the environment, vector-borne diseases, and food security","volume":"22","author":"Yewhalaw","year":"2014"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Water Resour Plan Manage","first-page":"05015002","article-title":"Ethiopia\u2019s Grand Renaissance Dam: implications for downstream riparian countries","author":"Zhang","year":"2015"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Malar J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2098-z","article-title":"Indoor and outdoor malaria vector surveillance in western Kenya: implications for better understanding of residual transmission","volume":"16","author":"Degefa","year":"2017"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Malar J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0763-7","article-title":"Surveillance of malaria vector population density and biting behaviour in western Kenya","volume":"14","author":"Ototo","year":"2015"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2112.150814","article-title":"Pyrethroid and DDT resistance and organophosphate susceptibility among Anopheles spp. mosquitoes, western Kenya","volume":"21","author":"Wanjala","year":"2015"},{"key":"b17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"2020","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121763"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0121763","DOI":"10.1086\/599317","article-title":"Low parasitemia in submicroscopic infections significantly impacts malaria diagnostic sensitivity in the highlands of western Kenya","volume":"10","author":"Lo","year":"2015"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-378","article-title":"High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in a highland area of western Kenya: a cohort study","volume":"200","author":"Baliraine","year":"2009"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Malar J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-107","article-title":"A new world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2010","volume":"10","author":"Gething","year":"2011"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Malar J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-311","article-title":"Topography and malaria transmission heterogeneity in western Kenya highlands: prospects for focal vector control","volume":"5","author":"Githeko","year":"2006"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-223","article-title":"Temporal and micro-spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of Anopheles vectors of malaria along the Kenyan coast","volume":"6","author":"Walker","year":"2013"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Malar J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0871-4","article-title":"Spatiotemporal clusters of malaria cases at village level, northwest Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Alemu","year":"2014"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Malar J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0551-4","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation of malaria entomological parameters at the onset of a hydro-agricultural development in central Cote d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"14","author":"Diakite","year":"2015"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Malar J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106197","article-title":"Active case surveillance, passive case surveillance and asymptomatic malaria parasite screening illustrate different age distribution, spatial clustering and seasonality in western Kenya","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2015"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31096-7","article-title":"Age-specific malaria mortality rates in the KEMRI\/CDC health and demographic surveillance system in western Kenya, 2003\u20132010","volume":"9","author":"Desai","year":"2014"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2500-5","article-title":"Mapping the global endemicity and clinical burden of Plasmodium vivax, 2000\u201317: a spatial and temporal modelling study","volume":"394","author":"Battle","year":"2019"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Malar J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0620-y","article-title":"malariaAtlas: an R interface to global malariometric data hosted by the Malaria Atlas Project","volume":"17","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2018"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Infect Dis Poverty","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03416-0","article-title":"Effects of environmental modification on the diversity and positivity of anopheline mosquito aquatic habitats at Arjo-Dedessa irrigation development site, southwest Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"Hawaria","year":"2020"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Malar J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04630-8","article-title":"Impact of sugarcane irrigation on malaria vector Anopheles mosquito fauna, abundance and seasonality in Arjo-Didessa, Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"Demissew","year":"2020"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04993-y","article-title":"Survivorship of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in irrigated sugarcane plantation scheme in Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Hawaria","year":"2021"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73073-5","article-title":"The effect of irrigation on malaria vector bionomics and transmission intensity in western Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Haileselassie","year":"2021"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Sci Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16139","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04833-z","article-title":"Extensive new Anopheles cryptic species involved in human malaria transmission in western Kenya","volume":"10","author":"Zhong","year":"2020"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261713","article-title":"Insecticide resistance status of Anopheles arabiensis in irrigated and non-irrigated areas in western Kenya","volume":"14","author":"Orondo","year":"2021"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0261713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89576-8","article-title":"Evidence of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles amharicus and Anopheles arabiensis from Arjo-Didessa irrigation scheme, Ethiopia","volume":"17","author":"Demissew","year":"2022"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"10150","article-title":"Predicting distribution of malaria vector larval habitats in Ethiopia by integrating distributed hydrologic modeling with remotely sensed data","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2021"},{"key":"b37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"2013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21998-4"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"E4438","article-title":"Novel serologic biomarkers provide accurate estimates of recent Plasmodium falciparum exposure for individuals and communities","volume":"112","author":"Helb","year":"2015"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Nat Commun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa520","article-title":"Mechanisms and targets of Fcgamma-receptor mediated immunity to malaria sporozoites","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2021"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Front Immunol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2933-5","article-title":"Low levels of human antibodies to gametocyte-infected erythrocytes contrasts the PfEMP1-dominant response to asexual stages in P. falciparum malaria","volume":"9","author":"Chan","year":"2018"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"J Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3535-3","article-title":"Microgeographic epidemiology of malaria parasites in an irrigated area of western Kenya by deep amplicon sequencing","volume":"223","author":"Hemming-Schroeder","year":"2021"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Malar J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03244-2","article-title":"Malaria around large dams in Africa: effect of environmental and transmission endemicity factors","volume":"18","author":"Kibret","year":"2019"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/41.5.14","article-title":"Evaluation of the performance of new sticky pots for outdoor resting malaria vector surveillance in western Kenya","volume":"12","author":"Degefa","year":"2019"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Malar J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1626-6","article-title":"Evaluation of human-baited double net trap and human-odour-baited CDC light trap for outdoor host-seeking malaria vector surveillance in Kenya and Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"Degefa","year":"2020"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"J Med Entomol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.4250","article-title":"Sampling outdoor, resting Anopheles gambiae and other mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in western Kenya with clay pots","volume":"44","author":"Odiere","year":"2007"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"577","article-title":"Evaluation of long-lasting microbial larvicide for malaria vector control in Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Afrane","year":"2016"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Ecol Evol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00962-4","article-title":"Microbial larvicides for mosquito control: impact of long lasting formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus on non-target organisms in western Kenya highlands","volume":"8","author":"Derua","year":"2018"},{"key":"b48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"2020","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1973-y"},{"key":"b49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"2019","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-020-01148-4"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Nat Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04156-z","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum is evolving to escape malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"Feleke","year":"2021"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Malar J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0487-3","article-title":"Completeness of malaria indicator data reporting via the District Health Information Software 2 in Kenya, 2011\u20132015","volume":"16","author":"Githinji","year":"2017"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","first-page":"107","article-title":"Evaluation of quality and use of health management information system in primary health care units of East Wollega Zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia","volume":"20","author":"Kebede","year":"2020"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Malar J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31285-1","article-title":"Health care provider practices in diagnosis and treatment of malaria in rural communities in Kisumu County, Kenya","volume":"21","author":"Otambo","year":"2022"},{"key":"b54","series-title":"Infect Dis Poverty","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.10.001","article-title":"Malaria epidemiology and interventions in Ethiopia from 2001 to 2016","volume":"7","author":"Taffese","year":"2018"},{"key":"b55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0254"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0873-2","article-title":"Short-course primaquine for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled non-inferiority trial","volume":"394","author":"Taylor","year":"2019"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"Acta Trop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652012000400001","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine and chloroquine plus primaquine for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax in Ethiopia","volume":"113","author":"Yeshiwondim","year":"2010"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.392","article-title":"An adaptive intervention trial design for finding the optimal integrated strategies for malaria control and elimination in Africa: a model simulation study","volume":"105","author":"Zhou","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/107\/4_Suppl\/article-p5.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/107\/4_Suppl\/article-p5.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/107\/4_Suppl\/article-p5.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T21:10:48Z","timestamp":1665695448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/107\/4_Suppl\/article-p5.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4_Suppl"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1254","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]}}}