{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:38:58Z","timestamp":1790278738628,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651622400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Typhoid fever is endemic in Pakistan, with high annual incidence rates. An outbreak of extensively drug-resistant typhoid fever that first started in the Hyderabad district of Sindh province in November 2016 immediately spread to the whole province. We conducted an age-matched case\u2013control study to assess the risk factors of typhoid fever in an outbreak setting of Lyari Town, Karachi. We enrolled 82 patients with blood culture-confirmed\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    typhi between August 2019 to December 2019, 82 age-matched hospital and 164 age-matched community control subjects. In a matched conditional logistic regression model, consumption of meals outside the home more than once per month was associated significantly with developing culture-confirmed typhoid fever compared with no consumption of food outside the home (odds ratio, 4.11). Hygiene of the environment in which food is prepared, practices of adult food handlers, access to clean water, and food legislation play significant roles in the spread of typhoid fever.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T09:18:51Z","timestamp":1648459131000},"page":"1379-1383","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Risk Factors Associated with Extensively Drug-Resistant Typhoid in an Outbreak Setting of Lyari Town Karachi, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Rabab","family":"Batool","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi City, Sindh, Pakistan;"},{"name":"2Center for Child, Adolescent, and Maternal Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi City, Sindh, Pakistan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Tahir","family":"Yousafzai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi City, Sindh, Pakistan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Momin","family":"Kazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi City, Sindh, Pakistan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miqdad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi City, Sindh, Pakistan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah Naz","family":"Qamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi City, Sindh, Pakistan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/5\/article-p1379.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/5\/article-p1379.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T07:39:57Z","timestamp":1651649997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/106\/5\/article-p1379.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1323","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]}}}