{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T17:02:24Z","timestamp":1756573344081},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Individuals infected with HIV-1 experience more frequent and more severe episodes of malaria and are likely to harbor asymptomatic parasitemia, thus potentially making them more efficient reservoirs of malaria. Two studies (cross-sectional and longitudinal) were designed in sequence between 2015\u20132018 and 2018\u20132020, respectively, to test the hypothesis that HIV-1 infected individuals have higher prevalence of asymptomatic parasitemia and gametocytemia than the HIV-1 negatives. This article describes the overall design of the two studies, encompassing data for the longitudinal study and additional data to the previously published baseline data for the cross-sectional study. In the cross-sectional study, HIV-1 positive participants were significantly older, more likely to be male, and more likely to have parasitemia relative to HIV-1 negatives (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). In the longitudinal study, 300 participants were followed for 6 months. Of these, 102 were HIV-1 negative, 106 were newly diagnosed HIV-1 positive, and 92 were HIV-1 positive and on antiretroviral therapy, including antifolates, at enrollment. Overall parasitemia positivity at enrollment was 17.3% (52\/300). Of these, 44% (23\/52) were HIV-1 negative, 52% (27\/52) were newly diagnosed HIV-1 positives, and only 4% (2\/52) were HIV-1 positive and on treatment. Parasitemia for those on stable antiretroviral therapy was significantly lower (hazard ratio: 0.51, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), compared with the HIV-1-negatives. On follow-up, there was a significant decline in parasitemia prevalence (hazard ratio: 0.74, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) among the HIV patients newly initiated on antiretroviral therapy including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxasole. These data highlight the impact of HIV-1 and HIV treatment on asymptomatic parasitemia over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T13:33:18Z","timestamp":1669037598000},"page":"85-92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Analyses of Asymptomatic HIV-1\/Malaria Co-infection in Kisumu County, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Janet","family":"Oyieko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kombewa Clinical Research Center, Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate\u2014Africa, Kisumu, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathanial K.","family":"Copeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Solomon","family":"Otieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kombewa Clinical Research Center, Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate\u2014Africa, Kisumu, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyne","family":"Kifude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kombewa Clinical Research Center, Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate\u2014Africa, Kisumu, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Ocholla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kombewa Clinical Research Center, Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate\u2014Africa, Kisumu, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Hutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kombewa Clinical Research Center, Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate\u2014Africa, Kisumu, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hunter","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kombewa Clinical Research Center, Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate\u2014Africa, Kisumu, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashleigh","family":"Roberds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirley","family":"Luckhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho;"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V. 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