{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T11:46:30Z","timestamp":1792842390573,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Conventional microscopy is the standard procedure for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis, despite its limited sensitivity, reliance on skilled personnel, and the fact that it is error prone. Here, we report the performance of the innovative (semi-)automated Schistoscope 5.0 for optical digital detection and quantification of <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> eggs in urine, using conventional microscopy as the reference standard. At baseline, 487 participants in a rural setting in Nigeria were assessed, of which 166 (34.1%) tested <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> positive by conventional microscopy. Captured images from the Schistoscope 5.0 were analyzed manually (semiautomation) and by an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm (full automation). Semi- and fully automated digital microscopy showed comparable sensitivities of 80.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 73.2\u201386.0) and 87.3% (95% CI: 81.3\u201392.0), but a significant difference in specificity of 95.3% (95% CI: 92.4\u201397.4) and 48.9% (95% CI: 43.3\u201355.0), respectively. Overall, estimated egg counts of semi- and fully automated digital microscopy correlated significantly with the egg counts of conventional microscopy (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.90 and <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.80, respectively, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), although the fully automated procedure generally underestimated the higher egg counts. In 38 egg positive cases, an additional urine sample was examined 10 days after praziquantel treatment, showing a similar cure rate and egg reduction rate when comparing conventional microscopy with semiautomated digital microscopy. In this first extensive field evaluation, we found the semiautomated Schistoscope 5.0 to be a promising tool for the detection and monitoring of <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection, although further improvement of the AI algorithm for full automation is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T12:37:40Z","timestamp":1666010260000},"page":"1047-1054","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Performance Evaluation of the Schistoscope 5.0 for (Semi-)automated Digital Detection and Quantification of Schistosoma haematobium Eggs in Urine: A Field-based Study in Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Brice","family":"Meulah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales des Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, CERMEL, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prosper","family":"Oyibo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical, Maritime and Material Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands;"},{"name":"Centre for Malaria Diagnosis, NTD Research, Training & Policy\/ANDI Centre of Excellence for Malaria Diagnosis, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Bengtson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temitope","family":"Agbana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical, Maritime and Material Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rom\u00e9o Aim\u00e9 Laclong","family":"Lontchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales des Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, CERMEL, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayola Akim","family":"Adegnika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales des Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, CERMEL, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon;"},{"name":"Institut fur Tropenmedizin, Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany;"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wellington","family":"Oyibo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Malaria Diagnosis, NTD Research, Training & Policy\/ANDI Centre of Excellence for Malaria Diagnosis, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelis Hendrik","family":"Hokke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Carel","family":"Diehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisette","family":"van Lieshout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","year":"2021"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis","first-page":"109","article-title":"Schistosomiasis with a focus on 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Andrews, B. Speich, J. Keiser, J.R. Stothard, K. N\u2019Goran E and J. Utzinger, Evaluation of portable microscopic devices for the diagnosis of Schistosoma and soil-transmitted helminth infection","volume":"141","author":"Bogoch","year":"2014"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1468","article-title":"Evaluation of a mobile phone-based microscope for screening of Schistosoma haematobium infection in rural Ghana","volume":"96","author":"Bogoch","year":"2017"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1253","article-title":"Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium infection with a mobile phone-mounted Foldscope and a reversed-lens CellScope in Ghana","volume":"92","author":"Ephraim","year":"2015"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004768","article-title":"Accuracy of mobile phone and handheld light microscopy for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis and intestinal protozoa infections in Cote d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"10","author":"Coulibaly","year":"2016"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Glob Health Action","first-page":"1337325","article-title":"Point-of-care mobile digital microscopy and deep learning for the detection of soil-transmitted helminths and Schistosoma haematobium","volume":"10","author":"Holmstrom","year":"2017"},{"key":"b14","author":"Agbana","year":"2020"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2547","article-title":"On-chip imaging of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine for diagnosis by computer vision","volume":"7","author":"Linder","year":"2013"},{"key":"b16","author":"Agbana","year":"2019"},{"key":"b17","author":"Diehl","year":"2020"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Micromachines (Basel)","first-page":"643","article-title":"Schistoscope: an automated microscope with artificial intelligence for detection of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in resource-limited settings","volume":"13","author":"Oyibo","year":"2022"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Global Res J Public Health Epidemiol","first-page":"023","article-title":"Schistosomiasis: epidemiological factors enhancing transmission in Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Amuga","year":"2020"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Front Microbiol","first-page":"00594","article-title":"Morphological characteristics of Schistosoma mansoni PZQ-resistant and -susceptible strains are different in presence of Praziquantel","volume":"7:","author":"Pinto-Almeida","year":"2016"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"465","article-title":"Effect of praziquantel on the eggs of Schistosoma mansoni, with a note on the implications for managing central nervous system schistosomiasis","volume":"83","author":"Richards","year":"1989"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"123","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of urine filtration and dipstick tests for Schistosoma haematobium infection in a lightly infected population of Ghanaian schoolchildren","volume":"118","author":"Kosinski","year":"2011"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Emerg Med J","first-page":"453","article-title":"An introduction to power and sample size estimation","volume":"20","author":"Jones","year":"2003"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)","first-page":"276","article-title":"Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic","volume":"22","author":"McHugh","year":"2012"},{"key":"b25","first-page":"722438","volume":"2:","author":"Hoekstra","year":"2021"},{"key":"b26","year":"2021"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Lancet Public Health","first-page":"e355","article-title":"Mobile phone and handheld microscopes for public health applications","volume":"2","author":"Bogoch","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/107\/5\/article-p1047.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/107\/5\/article-p1047.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/107\/5\/article-p1047.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T17:10:27Z","timestamp":1668618627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/107\/5\/article-p1047.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0276","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]}}}