{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:20:03Z","timestamp":1790716803042,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In endemic malaria areas,\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    is currently diagnosed mainly through the use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). However, in Senegal, many causes of fever remain unknown. Tick-borne relapsing fever, an often-neglected public health problem, is the main cause of consultation for acute febrile illness after malaria and flu in rural areas. Our objective was to test the feasibility of extracting and amplifying DNA fragments by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) from malaria-negative RDTs for\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (malaria Neg RDTs\n                    <jats:italic>P.f<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) to detect\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and other bacteria. Between January and December 2019, malaria Neg RDTs\n                    <jats:italic>P.f<\/jats:italic>\n                    were collected on a quarterly basis in 12 health facilities in four regions of Senegal. The DNA extracted from the malaria Neg RDTs\n                    <jats:italic>P.f<\/jats:italic>\n                    was tested using qPCR and the results were confirmed by standard PCR and sequencing. Only\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia crocidurae<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA was detected in 7.22% (159\/2,202) of RDTs. The prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>B. crocidurae<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA was higher in July (16.47%, 43\/261) and August (11.21%, 50\/446). The annual prevalence was 9.2% (47\/512) and 5.0% (12\/241) in Ngayokhem and Nema-Nding, respectively, health facilities in the Fatick region. Our study confirms that\n                    <jats:italic>B. crocidurae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection is a frequent cause of fever in Senegal, with a high prevalence of cases in health facilities in the regions of Fatick and Kaffrine. Malaria Neg RDTs\n                    <jats:italic>P.f<\/jats:italic>\n                    are potentially a good source of pathogen sampling for the molecular identification of other causes of fever of unknown origin, even in the most remote areas.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T08:29:14Z","timestamp":1678696154000},"page":"968-976","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction from Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests to Detect Borrelia crocidurae, the Agent of Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever, in Febrile Patients in Senegal"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Ndiaye","family":"El Hadji Ibrahima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), APHM, SSA, Vecteurs\u2013Infections Tropicales et M\u00e9diterran\u00e9ennes (VITROME), Marseille, France;"},{"name":"Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Marseille, France;"},{"name":"VITROME, IRD UMR 257, Campus International IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Diatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VITROME, IRD UMR 257, Campus International IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diarra","family":"Adama Zan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), APHM, SSA, Vecteurs\u2013Infections Tropicales et M\u00e9diterran\u00e9ennes (VITROME), Marseille, France;"},{"name":"Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Marseille, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Bassene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VITROME, IRD UMR 257, Campus International IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheikh","family":"Sokhna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Marseille, France;"},{"name":"VITROME, IRD UMR 257, Campus International IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Parola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), APHM, SSA, Vecteurs\u2013Infections Tropicales et M\u00e9diterran\u00e9ennes (VITROME), Marseille, France;"},{"name":"Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Marseille, 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