{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T05:05:19Z","timestamp":1785474319452,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Anthrax, caused by <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis,<\/jats:italic> has a nearly global distribution but is understudied in Southeast Asia, including Vietnam. Here, we used historical data from 1999 to 2020 in Ha Giang, a province in northern Vietnam. The objectives were to describe the spatiotemporal patterns and epidemiology of human and livestock anthrax in the province and compare livestock vaccine coverage with human and livestock anthrax incidence. Annual incidence rates (per 10,000) for humans, buffalo\/cattle, and goats were used to explore anthrax patterns and for comparison with livestock annual vaccine variations. A data subset describes anthrax epidemiology in humans by gender, age, source of infection, type of anthrax, admission site, and season. Zonal statistics and SaTScan were used to identify spatial and space-time clusters of human anthrax. SaTScan revealed space-time clusters in 1999, 2004, and 2007\u20132008 in the province, including in the northeastern, eastern, and western areas. Most human anthrax was reported between July and October. Most patients were male, aged 15\u201359 years, who had handled sick animals and\/or consumed contaminated meat. High case-fatality rates were reported with gastrointestinal or respiratory cases. Our data suggest that vaccination in buffalo and cattle reduces the disease burden in humans and vaccinated animals but does not reduce the incidence in unvaccinated animals (goats). This study identified spatial areas of high risk for anthrax and can inform One Health surveillance and livestock vaccination planning in contextual settings similar to Ha Giang province.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T13:57:40Z","timestamp":1674482260000},"page":"492-502","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Informing One Health Anthrax Surveillance and Vaccination Strategy from Spatial Analysis of Anthrax in Humans and Livestock in Ha Giang Province, Vietnam (1999\u20132020)"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Tan","family":"Luong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;"},{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam;"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tat Thang","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ha Giang Provincial Center for Disease Control, Ha Giang City, Vietnam;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van Binh","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ha Giang Provincial Sub-Department of Husbandry and Animal Health, Ha Giang City, Vietnam;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan A.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi Thu","family":"Ha Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quang Thai","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam;"},{"name":"School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi Mai Hung","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van Khang","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van Long","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanh Long","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason K.","family":"Blackburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1216","article-title":"High case\u2013fatality rate for human anthrax, Northern Ghana, 2005\u20132016","volume":"27","author":"Blackburn","year":"2021"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Nat Microbiol","first-page":"1337","article-title":"The global distribution of 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