{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:41:10Z","timestamp":1790692870423,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The origin of quinine from Peru remains a mystery because of the lack of primary data\u2014in particular, those produced by the Jesuits working in Peru. The discovery of cinchona bark and its use in malaria treatment must have come from the Jesuits, who worked with the native Andeans, the Quichuan people, and learned how the bark of the cinchona tree could be used for chills. Unknown is whether the Andean people used it for fever that may have been the result of malaria. We explored the literature of the 1600s, 1700s, and later to trace the history of quinine that is available. All these secondary sources lack the primary data of the Jesuits in their work with native Andeans, nor is there information on how the discovery of its use for malaria-like fevers came about. One clue comes from the Jesuits who talked with the Andean people and learned about quinine. But was it used for fever? Why did the Jesuits test it against (tertian or quartan) fevers that could have been the result of malaria? The gap in our knowledge can only be resolved with the discovery of written documents by the Jesuits about quinine for malaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T08:33:31Z","timestamp":1669019611000},"page":"7-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["What Historical Records Teach Us about the Discovery of Quinine"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Louis H.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus","family":"Rojas-Jaimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne M.","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilberto","family":"Corbellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of History of Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Lazio, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Cell","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.08.024","article-title":"Artemisinin: discovery from the Chinese herbal garden","volume":"146","author":"Miller","year":"2011"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Dissertatio Medica Inauguralis in qua Exhibetur Hypothesis Nova de Febrium Intermittentium Causa","author":"Linnaeus","year":"1735"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Scand J Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2010.513065","article-title":"Carolus Linnaeus, the ash, worm-wood and other anti-malarial plants","volume":"42","author":"Aydin-Schmidt","year":"2010"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Bull Hist Med","first-page":"568","article-title":"Fundamental errors in the early history of cinchona","volume":"10","author":"Haggis","year":"1941"},{"key":"b5","author":"Bailetti","year":"2013"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"J Trop Med Hyg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3366\/anh.1995.22.2.169","article-title":"The introduction of cinchona in the treatment of malaria: part I","volume":"80","author":"Guerra","year":"1977"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Arch Nat Hist","first-page":"169","article-title":"Fragoso, monardes and pre-chinchonian knowledge of cinchona","volume":"22","author":"Crespo","year":"1995"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"The Andean Wonder Drug: Cinchona Bark and Imperial Science in the Spanish Atlantic, 1630\u20131800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/239693930402800204","author":"Crawford","year":"2016"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Int Bull Mission Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19554-0","article-title":"The Jesuit in Latin America: Legacy and Current Emphasis","volume":"28","author":"Klaiber","year":"2004"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"1993","article-title":"Human migration and the spread of malaria parasites to the New World","volume":"8","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Breve Historia de los Negros del Per\u00fa","author":"Duthurburu","year":"2001"},{"key":"b12","author":"Bailetti","year":"2013"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Moralized Chronicle of the Order of St. Augustine in Peru: With Events That Occurred in This Monarchy","year":"1638"},{"key":"b14","author":"de Heredia","year":"1663"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"The Miraculous Fever-Tree: The Cure That Changed the World","author":"Rocco","year":"2004"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Pecia Complutense","first-page":"21","article-title":"Pamphlet wars around quinine: unpublished documentation (1638\u20131705)","volume":"12","author":"Bueno","year":"2015"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Dr. Medico Gaspare Bravo de Sobremonte Ramirez, Apologetic Argument in Favor of the Excellence of Dogmatic Medicine and the Dignity of All Sciences and Arts, from the Decrees of All Literature","author":"de Sobremonte Ramirez","year":"1669"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Medical Stations, in Which, for Greater Confirmation of the Doctrine of Apologetic Discourse, by Which It Is Proved That Quarango Powders Should Be Used for Tertian & Quartan Fever: Some Acute Notes of a Learned Sevillian Physician Are Espied; Author Is Said to Be of a Manifesto of the Falsehoods, Which against the Sevillian Practice Are Opposed before the Court of Apollo, & c.: And Together Some Notes against the Said Manifesto Are Demonstrated","author":"Garzes","year":"1679"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076816688411","author":"Honigsbaum"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Quinine\u2019s Predecessor: Francesco Torti and the Early History of Cinchona","author":"Jarcho","year":"1993"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"J R Soc Med","first-page":"73","article-title":"Evaluating cinchona bark and quinine for treating and preventing malaria","volume":"110","author":"Gachelin","year":"2017"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Bot J Linn Soc","first-page":"272","article-title":"A critical review of the basic facts in the history of cinchona","volume":"53","author":"Jaramillo-Arango","year":"2008"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"The Apothecary\u2019s Shop of the Arcispedale di Santo Spirito in Saxia: And the Fight against Malaria, in the III Centenary of the Birth of Giovanni Maria Lancisi, Year 1654\u20131954","author":"De Angelis","year":"1954"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"The Third Centenary of Cinchona Bark in Rome (1632\u20131932), 591\u2013598","author":"Canezza","year":"1932"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Jesuit\u2019s Bark: The Catholic Encyclopedia","author":"Rompel","year":"1910"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Drugs on Trial: Experimental Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation in the Eighteenth Century","author":"Maehle","year":"1999"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Pulvis febrifugus orbis Americani . . . ventilatus ratione, experientia, auctoritate","author":"Chifletus","year":"1653"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Bull Hist Med","first-page":"417","article-title":"Fundamental errors in the early history of cinchona: part I","volume":"10","author":"Haggis","year":"1941"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Peruvian Powder Claimed by the \u201cSifter\u201d and Suspected Defense of the Same by Antimo Conygio at the Urging of Germano Policonium Febrifuge Powder Ventilated by Giangiacomo Chifletio","author":"Fabri","year":"1655"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Jesuit Powder: Historial Notes on the Discovery and Spread of Cinchona","author":"Canezza","year":"1925"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Defense of Anastasio Cortici of Peru, Defense of Sebastiano Badi of Genoa, Once Physicians of Both Patrii Nosocomas, and of the Consultorio of Public Health, against the Ventilations of Giangiacomo Chifleti, and Lament of Vopisco Fortunato Pemplio of the Illustrious Physicians, a Work Divided into Three Books, and in Them Documents of Medicine and Philosophy","author":"Bado","year":"1663"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Biographies of Ligurian Physicians, 273\u2013285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.08.024","author":"Pescetto","year":"1846"},{"key":"b33","author":"Guttmann","year":"1891"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Proc R Soc Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2010.513065","article-title":"Synthetic anti-malarial preparations","volume":"25","author":"Schulemann","year":"1932"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/108\/1\/article-p7.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/108\/1\/article-p7.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/108\/1\/article-p7.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T01:09:34Z","timestamp":1675386574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/108\/1\/article-p7.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0404","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]}}}