{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:16:47Z","timestamp":1787930207462,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Previous coronavirus epidemics were associated with increased maternal morbidity, mortality, and adverse obstetric outcomes. Reports for SARS-CoV-2 indicate that the obstetric population is at increased risk for severe illness, although there are still limited data on mild COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. To determine the association between mild COVID-19 infection during pregnancy, and maternal and neonatal outcomes, we performed a prospective cohort study among pregnant women with COVID-19 and a control group. Postnatal depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. We recruited 84 pregnant women with mild COVID-19 and 88 pregnant women without COVID-19. All participants were unvaccinated. The most common acute COVID-19 symptoms were headache (82.1%), loss of smell (81%), and asthenia (77.4%). The median duration of long COVID symptoms was 60 days (interquartile range, 130). Pregnant women with a COVID-19 diagnosis were at greater risk for obstetric ultrasound abnormalities\u2014mainly, fetal growth restriction (relative risk [RR], 12.40; 95% CI, 1.66\u201392.5), premature birth (RR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.07\u20136.43), and postpartum depression (RR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.24\u20134.21). Our results alert clinicians to the consequences of COVID-19 during pregnancy, even in mild cases, given the increased risk of ultrasound abnormalities, premature birth, long COVID symptoms, and postpartum depression. National guidelines on preventive measures and treatments should be based on scientific evidence, including attention to the impact on health and family needs during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T12:40:40Z","timestamp":1666010440000},"page":"1060-1065","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes Associated with Mild COVID-19 Infection in an Obstetric Cohort in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Carolina A. D.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Faculty of Medical Science, Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil;"},{"name":"Anita Garibaldi Center for Education and Research in Health, Santos Dumont Institute, Maca\u00edba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gentil G.","family":"Fonseca Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoella M.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anita Garibaldi Center for Education and Research in Health, Santos Dumont Institute, Maca\u00edba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil;"},{"name":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erianna Y. L.","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anita Garibaldi Center for Education and Research in Health, Santos Dumont Institute, Maca\u00edba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monise G. de A.","family":"Pontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anita Garibaldi Center for Education and Research in Health, Santos Dumont Institute, Maca\u00edba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artemis P.","family":"Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anita Garibaldi Center for Education and Research in Health, Santos Dumont Institute, Maca\u00edba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina T. R.","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anita Garibaldi Center for Education and Research in Health, Santos Dumont Institute, Maca\u00edba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe N.","family":"Zeneide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anita Garibaldi Center for Education and Research in Health, Santos Dumont Institute, Maca\u00edba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9ia F.","family":"Nery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reginaldo A. O.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anita Garibaldi Center for Education and Research in Health, Santos Dumont Institute, Maca\u00edba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil;"},{"name":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00edlia","family":"D\u2019Souza-Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Faculty of Medical Science, Department of Pediatrics, Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","year":"2020"},{"key":"b2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100107"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100107","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6944e3","article-title":"Outcome of coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID-19) during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","year":"2020"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23575","article-title":"Update: characteristics of symptomatic women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status: United States, January 22\u2013October 3, 2020","volume":"69","year":"2020"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.10.005","article-title":"Pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection are at higher risk of death and pneumonia: propensity score matched analysis of a nationwide prospective cohort (COV19Mx)","volume":"57","year":"2021"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391.e1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.1050","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 and first-trimester spontaneous abortion: a case\u2013control study of 225 pregnant patients","volume":"224","year":"2021"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"JAMA Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.13204","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality among pregnant women with and without COVID-19 infection: the INTERCOVID Multinational Cohort Study","volume":"175","year":"2021"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Austral N Z J Obstet Gynaecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16470","article-title":"COVID-19 and pregnancy: a review of clinical characteristics, obstetric outcomes and vertical transmission","volume":"60","year":"2020"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol","first-page":"1618","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality in obstetric patients with severe COVID-19 in Brazil: a surveillance database analysis","volume":"127","year":"2020"},{"key":"b10","year":"2021"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"BMJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m3320","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5713","article-title":"Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"370","year":"2020"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Prenat Diagn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22088","article-title":"Preterm delivery, maternal death, and vertical transmission in a pregnant woman with COVID-19 infection","volume":"40","year":"2020"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17436-6","article-title":"Effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on maternal, perinatal and neonatal outcome: systematic review","volume":"56","year":"2020"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Nat Commun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.07.081","article-title":"Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"11","year":"2020"},{"key":"b15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Myers","year":"2021","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01070-6"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"J Affect Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa509","article-title":"Maternal psychological distress & mental health service use during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"276","year":"2020"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Reprod Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2007001100005","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal health: a scoping review","volume":"18","year":"2021"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaa509","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22134","article-title":"Postacute covid-19: an overview and approach to classification","volume":"7","year":"2020"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Cad Saude Publica","first-page":"2577","article-title":"Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in a sample of mothers from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study","volume":"23","year":"2007"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"ISUOG practice guidelines: diagnosis and management of small-for-gestational-age fetus and fetal growth restriction","volume":"56","year":"2020"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"1070","article-title":"Fetal imaging: executive summary of a joint Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Society for Maternal\u2013Fetal Medicine, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","volume":"123","year":"2014"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI87490","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","year":"2007"},{"key":"b23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"2020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2021.100468"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Lancet Reg Heal Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100089","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.1533","article-title":"The regrettable story of the \u201cCovid Kit\u201d and the \u201cearly treatment of Covid-19\u201d in Brazil","volume":"4","author":"Furlan","year":"2021"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"J Clin Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-0854-y","article-title":"Risks associated with viral infections during pregnancy","volume":"127","year":"2017"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100468","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6944e2","article-title":"Placental histopathology after SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","year":"2021"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4470","article-title":"Adverse reproductive outcome induced by parvovirus B19 and TORCH infections in women with high-risk pregnancy","volume":"5","year":"2011"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Reprod Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004339","article-title":"Oligohydramnios: a prospective study of fetal, neonatal and maternal outcomes in low-middle income countries","volume":"17","year":"2020"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.04.014","article-title":"Birth and infant outcomes following laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy: SET-NET, 16 jurisdictions, March 29\u2013October 14, 2020","volume":"69","year":"2020"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Prenat Diagn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.11410","article-title":"The utility of infection screening in isolated mild ventriculomegaly: an observational retrospective study on 141 fetuses","volume":"34","year":"2014"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"571","article-title":"Disease severity and perinatal outcomes of pregnant patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"137","year":"2021"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111.e1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249481","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnant women: a report based on 116 cases","volume":"223","year":"2020"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2111410","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251746","article-title":"Association between bitter taste receptor phenotype and clinical outcomes among patients with COVID-19","volume":"4","year":"2021"},{"key":"b34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13811"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0249481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.11.019","article-title":"The proportion and effect of corticosteroid therapy in patients with COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","year":"2021"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0251746","article-title":"Available medications used as potential therapeutics for COVID-19: what are the known safety profiles in pregnancy","volume":"16","year":"2021"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet","first-page":"101","article-title":"COVID-19-related deaths among women of reproductive age in Brazil: the burden of postpartum","volume":"155","year":"2021"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6938e2","article-title":"Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"191","year":"2004"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Braz J Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00661","article-title":"One year after the arrival of COVID-19 in Latin America: what have we learned in Brazil and other countries?","volume":"25","year":"2021"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ciac362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2008.00077.x","article-title":"Prioritizing Pregnant women for coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination in African countries","volume":"2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.06.026","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospitalized pregnant women: reasons for admission and pregnancy characteristics: eight U.S. health care centers, March 1\u2013May 30, 2020","volume":"69","year":"2020"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry","first-page":"737","article-title":"Effects of early maternal depression on patterns of infant\u2013mother attachment: a meta-analytic investigation","volume":"41","year":"2000"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Child Dev Perspect","first-page":"51","article-title":"Maternal depression: a global threat to children\u2019s health, development, and behavior and to human rights","volume":"3","year":"2009"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"J Affect Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100107","article-title":"Postpartum depression symptoms among Amazonian and Northeast Brazilian women","volume":"204","year":"2016"},{"key":"b45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"2021","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6944e3"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Rev Bras An\u00e1l Cl\u00ednicas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23575","article-title":"Main SARS-CoV-2 variants notified in Brazil","volume":"53","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/107\/5\/article-p1060.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/107\/5\/article-p1060.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/107\/5\/article-p1060.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T17:11:27Z","timestamp":1668618687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/107\/5\/article-p1060.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0421","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]}}}