{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T13:44:09Z","timestamp":1747143849417},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic> is a common gastrointestinal pathogen globally that has been associated with growth failure in children. Most of the studies have been done in school-age children, and there is a paucity of data in pre-school children. We determined the prevalence and factors associated with <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic> infection in children aged 9\u201336 months presenting to Mulago Hospital with diarrhea or cough. Demographic and socio-economic characteristics, animal ownership, medical history, and physical examination findings were recorded. Stool was tested for <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic> using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and additional tests included stool microscopy and qPCR for <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>. The overall prevalence of <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic> infection was 6.7% (214\/3,173). In children with diarrhea the prevalence was 6.9% (133\/1,923), whereas it was 6.5% (81\/1,250) in those with cough as the main symptom. Of 214 children with <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic> infection, 19 (8.9%) were co-infected with <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>. Older children (25\u201336 months) were more likely to have <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic> infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.93, 95% CI: 1.93\u20134.43). Use of an unimproved toilet (aOR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.04\u20131.83) and the wet season (aOR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.00\u20131.77) were associated with increased infection. Other factors associated with infection were recurrent diarrhea (aOR: 2.46, 95% CI: 1.64\u20133.70) and passing of mucoid stool (aOR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.08\u20134.66). Having a ruminant at the homestead was also associated with infection (aOR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.20\u20132.79). <jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic> infection occurred in 1 of 15 children aged 9\u201336 months with diarrhea or cough in Kampala, Uganda. Further studies are needed to clarify the zoonotic significance of <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic> infection in this setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T15:14:21Z","timestamp":1685459661000},"page":"147-152","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Giardia duodenalis in Ugandan Children Aged 9\u201336 Months in Kampala, Uganda: Prevalence and Associated Factors"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Grace","family":"Ndeezi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siobhan M.","family":"Mor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke R.","family":"Ascolillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannington B.","family":"Tasimwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ritah","family":"Nakato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilian N.","family":"Kayondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saul","family":"Tzipori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Mukunya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community and Public Health, Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mbale, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey K.","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James K.","family":"Tumwine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"110","article-title":"Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2011"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Trends 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