{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:32:23Z","timestamp":1789187543291,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sierra Leone is vulnerable to a wide range of vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, tsetse flies, black flies, and other vectors. Malaria, lymphatic filariasis, and onchocerciasis have posed the greatest threat and have received the most attention in terms of vector control and capacity for diagnosis. However, malaria infection rates remain high, and there is evidence of circulation of other vector-borne diseases, such as chikungunya and dengue, which may go undiagnosed and unreported. The limited understanding of the prevalence and transmission of these diseases restricts the capacity for predicting outbreaks, and impedes the planning of appropriate responses. We review the available literature and gather expert opinions from those working in the country to report on the status of vector-borne disease transmission and control in Sierra Leone, and present an assessment of the threats of these diseases. Our discussions highlight an absence of entomological testing for disease agents and the need for more investment in surveillance and capacity strengthening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T18:54:05Z","timestamp":1685991245000},"page":"10-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Threat of Vector-Borne Diseases in Sierra Leone"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Dagenham, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott J.","family":"Tytheridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Dagenham, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca S.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary H.","family":"Hodges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helen Keller International Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashid","family":"Ansumana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory\/School of Community Health Sciences, Njala University, Bo, Sierra Leone;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Wulff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Dagenham, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Whitworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Dagenham, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004613","article-title":"Short report: serological evidence of under-reported dengue circulation in Sierra Leone","volume":"10","author":"de Ara\u00fajo Lobo","year":"2016"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1108","article-title":"Reemergence of chikungunya virus in Bo, Sierra Leone","volume":"19","author":"Ansumana","year":"2013"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"251","article-title":"Malaria in a rural area of Sierra Leone: III. 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