{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:34:03Z","timestamp":1790868843395,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693958400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In 2016, an outbreak of Rift Valley fever was reported in the Kabale District in Uganda for the first time in 48\u2009years. Three human cases were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, and subsequent serological investigations revealed an overall IgG seropositivity of 13% in humans and 13% in animals. In response to this reemergence, we designed a countrywide survey to determine the seropositivity of anti-Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) IgG antibodies in livestock. Samples were collected from 27 districts and tested for RVFV anti-IgG antibodies. A total of 3,181 livestock samples were tested, of which 54.4% were cattle (1,732 of 3,181), 34.3% were goats (1,091 of 3,181), and 11.3% were sheep (358 of 3,181). Overall RVFV seropositivity was 6.9% (221 of 3,181). Seroprevalence was greater in cattle (10.7%) compared with goats (2.6%) and sheep (2.0%), among females (7.5%) compared with males (5.2%), and among adults (7.6%) compared with juveniles (4.9%) and nurslings (6.4%). Exotic breeds and animals with a history of abortion or stillbirth also had greater odds of RVFV seropositivity. Animals grazed under tethering and paddocking had greater RVFV seropositivity compared with animals that grazed communally, and livestock in the western and eastern regions had the greatest seroprevalence. In a multivariate regression model, animal species (odds ratio [OR], 6.4; 95% CI, 3.5\u201311.4) and age (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.4\u20133.6) were associated significantly with RVFV seropositivity. This study could be important in developing risk-based surveillance for early outbreak detection to limit the spread of RVFV in both human and animal populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T14:04:46Z","timestamp":1690812286000},"page":"548-553","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Countrywide Seroepidemiological Survey of Rift Valley Fever in Livestock, Uganda, 2017"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Luke","family":"Nyakarahuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda;"},{"name":"Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackson","family":"Kyondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carson","family":"Telford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Whitesell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Tumusiime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Mulei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Baluku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin M.","family":"Cossaboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah L.","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel M.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius J.","family":"Lutwama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart T.","family":"Nichol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Balinandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Klena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor R.","family":"Shoemaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"28","article-title":"Rift Valley fever virus epidemic in Kenya, 2006\/2007: the entomologic investigations","volume":"83","author":"Sang","year":"2010"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Epidemiology and serological detection of Rift Valley fever disease in farm animals in southern Egypt","volume":"88","author":"Mahmoud","year":"1877"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"271","article-title":"Rift Valley fever seroprevalence and abortion frequency among livestock of Kisoro district, South Western Uganda (2016): a prerequisite for zoonotic infection","volume":"14","author":"Budasha","year":"2018"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Rift Valley fever in cattle along the Akagera\u2013Nyabarongo rivers, Rwanda","volume":"88","author":"Gafarasi","year":"2017"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"659","article-title":"First laboratory-confirmed outbreak of human and animal Rift Valley fever virus in Uganda in 48 years","volume":"100","author":"Shoemaker","year":"2019"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0006412","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of Rift Valley fever in humans and animals from Kabale District in Southwestern Uganda, 2016","volume":"12","author":"Nyakarahuka","year":"2018"},{"key":"b7","year":"2021"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am","first-page":"1084","article-title":"Rift Valley fever epidemic in Saudi Arabia: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics","volume":"37","author":"Madani","year":"2003"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1415","article-title":"Genetic analysis of viruses associated with emergence of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, 2000\u201301","volume":"8","author":"Shoemaker","year":"2002"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Int J Climatol","first-page":"4302","article-title":"WorldClim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"37","author":"Fick","year":"2017"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","first-page":"251","article-title":"Effect of agro-ecological zone and grazing system on incidence of East Coast Fever in calves in Mbale and Sironko districts of eastern Uganda","volume":"75","author":"Rubaire-Akiiki","year":"2006"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"712","article-title":"Geostatistical modeling and prediction of Rift Valley fever seroprevalence among livestock","volume":"108","author":"Telford","year":"2023"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"157","article-title":"Serological evidence of Rift Valley fever virus infection among domestic ruminant herds in Uganda","volume":"17","author":"Ndumu","year":"2021"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Small Rumin Res","first-page":"176","article-title":"Rift Valley fever in Uganda: seroprevalence and risk factor surveillance vis-\u00e0-vis mosquito vectors, anti-RVF virus IgG and RVF virus neutralizing antibodies in goats","volume":"114","author":"Magona","year":"2013"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Immunol Res","first-page":"e7346294","article-title":"Safety and efficacy profile of commercial veterinary vaccines against Rift Valley fever: a review study","volume":"2016","author":"Alhaj","year":"2016"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Curr Opin Virol","first-page":"8","article-title":"Rift Valley fever vaccines: current and future needs","volume":"29","author":"Dungu","year":"2018"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines","first-page":"601","article-title":"Rift Valley fever vaccines: an overview of the safety and efficacy of the live-attenuated MP-12 vaccine candidate","volume":"16","author":"Ikegami","year":"2017"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther","first-page":"1333","article-title":"Candidate vaccines for human Rift Valley fever","volume":"19","author":"Ikegami","year":"2019"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"311","article-title":"Genetic resistance to African trypanosomiasis","volume":"149","author":"Murray","year":"1984"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"58","article-title":"Rift Valley fever outbreak in livestock in Kenya, 2006\u20132007","volume":"83","author":"Munyua","year":"2010"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"43","article-title":"Prediction, assessment of the Rift Valley fever activity in East and southern Africa 2006\u20132008 and possible vector control strategies","volume":"83","author":"Anyamba","year":"2010"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0006353","article-title":"Enhanced surveillance for Rift Valley fever in livestock during El Ni\u00f1o rains and threat of RVF outbreak, Kenya, 2015\u20132016","volume":"12","author":"Oyas","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 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