{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T09:39:58Z","timestamp":1784626798391,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690934400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Lima, Peru, has not had a case of canine rabies since 1999. However, Lima remains at risk of rabies reintroduction due to the free movement of dogs from nearby rabies-endemic areas. In Latin America, rabies vaccination campaigns must reach 80% of dogs to halt transmission, but estimates of vaccine coverage are often unavailable, unreliable, or inaccurate. Quantifying virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) allows monitoring of the immunological status of the canine population, evaluation of the degree of humoral protection to the virus, and assessing, partially, the population response to vaccination. We evaluated the dog population\u2019s immunity level against the rabies virus before a mass vaccination campaign in Lima. We collected 141 canine blood samples in the district of Surquillo and quantified rabies virus neutralizing antibody titers using the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test). We surveyed dogs owners to reconstruct canine vaccination histories. Among dogs previously vaccinated, 73.9% exceeded the seroconversion threshold of &gt;\u00a00.5\u2009IU\/mL. Among all dogs, only 58.2% reached the titer limit for seroconversion. Dogs \u2264\u00a01 year old constituted 26.2% of the total canine population and had lower levels of VNA than dogs &gt;\u00a01 year old (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 9.071; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.028). Importantly, dogs vaccinated with single-pathogen vaccines had higher levels of VNA than those who received combined-pathogen vaccines (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 7.721; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.005). We provide an important and timely glimpse to the immunity status of the dog population in urban areas of Lima, a metropolis near a dog rabies\u2013endemic region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T13:53:53Z","timestamp":1688997233000},"page":"420-428","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dog Population Rabies Immunity before a Mass Vaccination Campaign in Lima, Peru: Vulnerabilities for Virus Reestablishment"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Olimpia","family":"Chuquista-Alcarraz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Una Salud, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00e9stor","family":"Falc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco A. N.","family":"Vigilato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Center for Foot and Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health\u2014PANAFTOSA\/VPH-PAHO\/WHO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Center for Foot and Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health\u2014PANAFTOSA\/VPH-PAHO\/WHO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisely","family":"Toledo-Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Surveillance Division, PAHO\/WHO Collaborating Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Amorim-Conselheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Surveillance Division, PAHO\/WHO Collaborating Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio E.","family":"Recuenco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Tecnol\u00f3gicas, Biom\u00e9dicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Castillo-Neyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Una Salud, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Antiviral Res","first-page":"220","article-title":"Current and future tools for global canine rabies elimination","volume":"100","author":"Franka","year":"2013"},{"key":"b2","year":"2017"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Elimination of Dog-Transmitted Human Rabies in Latin America: Situation Analysis","year":"2005"},{"key":"b4","year":"1983"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"595","article-title":"Rabies-specific antibodies: measuring surrogates of protection against a fatal disease","volume":"4","author":"Moore","year":"2010"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Veterinaria (Montev)","first-page":"19","article-title":"T\u00e9cnico: respuesta inmune de caninos vacunados contra el virus de la rabia","volume":"48","author":"Moreno","year":"2012"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"150","article-title":"Effective vaccination against rabies in puppies in rabies endemic regions","volume":"177","author":"Morters","year":"2015"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Nova Sci","first-page":"32","article-title":"Efecto de la aplicaci\u00f3n de la vacuna antirr\u00e1bica en canes vacunados durante la campa\u00f1a de vacunaci\u00f3n antirr\u00e1bica masiva en Lima, Per\u00fa en 1993","volume":"3","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2011"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"197","article-title":"Rabies and the pandemic: lessons for one health","volume":"116","author":"Nadal","year":"2022"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals","year":"2018"},{"key":"b11"},{"key":"b12","year":"2022"},{"key":"b13"},{"key":"b14","year":"2018"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"The Relationship between Rabies Antibody Titers in Dogs and Cats and Protection from Challenge","author":"Bunn","year":"1984"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1491","article-title":"Rabies vaccines: duration-of-immunity study in dogs","volume":"159","author":"Sikes","year":"1971"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004023","article-title":"Differential host immune responses after infection with wild-type or lab-attenuated rabies viruses in dogs","volume":"9","author":"Gnanadurai","year":"2015"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Report of the Expert Committee on Rabies in Ginebra. 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