{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:33:53Z","timestamp":1780472033446,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the MORDOR I trial, children under 5 years of age were randomized to receive biannual (every 6 months) azithromycin for 2 years in Niger, Malawi, and Tanzania. In 30 Nigerien communities, children aged 7\u201311 years, who were not enrolled in the MORDOR I trial to receive biannual azithromycin, were assessed for carriage of seven respiratory pathogens. We aimed to see whether there were effects on the carriage of these seven respiratory pathogens among 3,187 children aged 7\u201311 years living in the 30 communities via nasopharyngeal swabs collected at baseline (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 1,066), as well as at year 1 (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 1,019) and year 2 (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 1,102)\u2014each about 6 months after azithromycin or placebo treatment of children under age five. Most children were positive for <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> (baseline: 83.8%; interquartile range [IQR]: 78.7\u201390.4) and <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (baseline: 82.9%; IQR: 74.2\u201386.8) at all time points regardless of treatment group. There were no differences in prevalence nor quantity of <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> (prevalence ratio: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.90, 1.02), <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (prevalence ratio: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.07), or any of the other respiratory pathogens in the treatment versus control groups at any time point. <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> serotype 6AB (7.7%) and <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic> serotype W135 (24.9%) were the most prevalent serotypes detected among all positive <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic> samples, respectively. Biannual azithromycin did not reduce carriage of respiratory pathogens 6 months after the most recent round of biannual azithromycin among older nontreated children (aged 7\u201311 years) living in treatment communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T13:08:39Z","timestamp":1671455319000},"page":"428-432","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effect of Biannual Azithromycin to Children under 5 Years on the Carriage of Respiratory Pathogens among Children Aged 7\u201311 Years"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Brennhofer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth T.","family":"Rogawski 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