{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T02:09:42Z","timestamp":1779156582790,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690934400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Targeting malaria interventions in elimination settings where transmission is heterogeneous is essential to ensure the efficient use of resources. Identifying the most important risk factors among persons experiencing a range of exposure can facilitate such targeting. A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in Artibonite, Haiti, to identify and characterize spatial clustering of malaria infections. Household members (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 21,813) from 6,962 households were surveyed and tested for malaria. An infection was defined as testing positive for <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> by either a conventional or novel highly sensitive rapid diagnostic test. Seropositivity to the early transcribed membrane protein 5 antigen 1 represented recent exposure to <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>. Clusters were identified using SaTScan. Associations among individual, household, and environmental risk factors for malaria, recent exposure, and living in spatial clusters of these outcomes were evaluated. Malaria infection was detected in 161 individuals (median age: 15 years). Weighted malaria prevalence was low (0.56%; 95% CI: 0.45\u20130.70%). Serological evidence of recent exposure was detected in 1,134 individuals. Bed net use, household wealth, and elevation were protective, whereas being febrile, over age 5 years, and living in either households with rudimentary wall material or farther from the road increased the odds of malaria. Two predominant overlapping spatial clusters of infection and recent exposure were identified. Individual, household, and environmental risk factors are associated with the odds of individual risk and recent exposure in Artibonite; spatial clusters are primarily associated with household-level risk factors. Findings from serology testing can further strengthen the targeting of interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T18:54:01Z","timestamp":1685991241000},"page":"258-272","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Spatial Clustering and Risk Factors for Malaria Infections and Marker of Recent Exposure to Plasmodium falciparum from a Household Survey in Artibonite, Haiti"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Karen E. S.","family":"Hamre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"},{"name":"CDC Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amber M.","family":"Dismer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Response and Recovery Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Rogier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lotus L.","family":"van den Hoogen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nishant","family":"Kishore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"},{"name":"CDC Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anyess","family":"Travers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"},{"name":"CDC Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"McGee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Services International\/Organisation Ha\u00eftienne de Marketing Social pour la Sant\u00e9, Peguy-ville, Haiti;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baby","family":"Pierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme National de Contr\u00f4le de la Malaria, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Fouch\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Impoinvil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Stresman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Druetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana;"},{"name":"University of Montreal School of Public Health, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Eisele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Drakeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean Frantz","family":"Lemoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme National de Contr\u00f4le de la Malaria, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle A.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"43","article-title":"Haiti\u2019s commitment to malaria elimination: progress in the face of challenges, 2010\u20132016","volume":"97","author":"Lemoine","year":"2017"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"237","article-title":"Malaria elimination in Haiti by the year 2020: an achievable 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