{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:58:50Z","timestamp":1787237930376,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Leprosy is a global health issue, causing long-term functional morbidity and stigma. Rapid diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important; however, early diagnosis is often challenging, especially in nonendemic areas. Here, we report a case of borderline lepromatous leprosy accompanied by dapsone-induced (neutropenia, anemia, and methemoglobinemia) and clofazimine-induced (skin discoloration and ichthyosis) side effects and type 1 leprosy reactions during administration of the multidrug therapy. The patient completely recovered without developing any deformities or visual impairment. To ensure early diagnosis and a favorable outcome, clinicians should be aware of the diminished sensation of skin lesions as a key physical finding and manage the drug toxicities and leprosy reactions appropriately in patients on multidrug therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T20:59:28Z","timestamp":1706043568000},"page":"483-486","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Case Report: Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy Therapy Complicated by Type 1 Leprosy Reaction and Adverse Reactions with Dapsone and Clofazimine"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Takashi","family":"Matono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shotaro","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuichi","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manabu","family":"Ato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1936","article-title":"Clofazimine modulates the expression of lipid metabolism proteins in Mycobacterium leprae-infected macrophages","volume":"6","author":"Degang","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Trop Med","first-page":"8652062","article-title":"Leprosy: a review of epidemiology, clinical diagnosis, and management","volume":"2022","author":"Chen","year":"2022"},{"key":"b3"},{"key":"b4"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"QJM","first-page":"207","article-title":"The diagnosis of leprosy is delayed in the United Kingdom","volume":"94","author":"Lockwood","year":"2001"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"J Med Microbiol","first-page":"177","article-title":"PCR primers that can detect low levels of Mycobacterium leprae DNA","volume":"50","author":"Donoghue","year":"2001"},{"key":"b7"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Jpn J Lepr","first-page":"141","article-title":"Leprosy treatment guidelines (3rd ed.) [in Japanese]","volume":"82","author":"Goto","year":"2013"},{"key":"b9"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"405","article-title":"Global leprosy update, 2015: time for action, accountability and inclusion","volume":"91","year":"2015"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"1315","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of tests for leprosy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Gurung","year":"2019"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol","first-page":"693","article-title":"Fite\u2013Faraco staining in combination with multiplex polymerase chain reaction: a new approach to leprosy diagnosis","volume":"79","author":"Reja","year":"2013"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0006706","article-title":"Evaluation of auramine O staining and conventional PCR for leprosy diagnosis: a comparative cross-sectional study from Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Girma","year":"2018"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"197","article-title":"Parallel assessment of 24 monthly doses of rifampin, ofloxacin, and minocycline versus two years of World Health Organization multi-drug therapy for multi-bacillary leprosy","volume":"70","author":"Villahermosa","year":"2004"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol","first-page":"356","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial to compare cure and relapse rate of paucibacillary multidrug therapy with monthly rifampicin, ofloxacin, and minocycline among paucibacillary leprosy patients in Agra District, India","volume":"81","author":"Kumar","year":"2015"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis","first-page":"20499361221135885","article-title":"Novel approaches in the treatment of Hansen\u2019s disease (Leprosy): a case series of multidrug therapy of monthly rifampin, moxifloxacin, and minocycline (RMM) in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Franco-Paredes","year":"2022"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"80","article-title":"Leprosy in the 21st century","volume":"28","author":"White","year":"2015"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Lepr Rev","first-page":"9","article-title":"Type 1 reaction, neuritis and disability in leprosy. What is the current epidemiological situation?","volume":"65","author":"Lienhardt","year":"1994"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Lepr Rev","first-page":"190","article-title":"Reactions in leprosy: an epidemiological study of 386 patients in west Nepal","volume":"65","author":"Van Brakel","year":"1994"},{"key":"b20","year":"2020"},{"key":"b21","year":"2017"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Response to ciclosporin treatment in Ethiopian and Nepali patients with severe leprosy type 1 reactions","volume":"101","author":"Marlowe","year":"2007"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Lepr Rev","first-page":"121","article-title":"Cyclosporine A treatment of leprosy patients with chronic neuritis is associated with pain control and reduction in antibodies against nerve growth factor","volume":"77","author":"Sena","year":"2006"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0011238","article-title":"Methotrexate as a corticosteroid-sparing agent in leprosy reactions: a French multicenter retrospective study","volume":"17","author":"Jaume","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/110\/3\/article-p483.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/110\/3\/article-p483.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/110\/3\/article-p483.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T08:57:41Z","timestamp":1709715461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/110\/3\/article-p483.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0637","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]}}}