{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T17:16:37Z","timestamp":1773854197730,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Despite historical dogma that Duffy blood group negativity of human erythrocytes confers resistance to <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> blood stage infection, cases of <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria and asymptomatic blood stage infection (subclinical malaria) have recently been well documented in Duffy-negative individuals throughout Africa. However, the impact of Duffy negativity on the development of naturally acquired immunity to <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> remains poorly understood. We examined antibody reactivity to <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> antigens at two field sites in Ethiopia and assessed Duffy gene expression by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of the GATA-1 transcription factor\u2013binding site of the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (<jats:italic>DARC<\/jats:italic>) gene promotor region that is associated with silencing of erythroid cell transcription and absent protein expression. Antibodies to three of the four <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> blood stage antigens examined, RBP2b, EBP2, and DBPIISal-1, were significantly lower (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) in Duffy-negative individuals relative to Duffy-positive individuals. In stark contrast, no clear pattern was found across Duffy-negative and Duffy-positive genotypes for <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> antibodies. We conclude that lack of erythroid Duffy expression is associated with reduced serologic responses, indicative of less naturally acquired immunity and less cumulative exposure to blood stage <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> parasites relative to Duffy positive individuals living in the same communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T10:39:43Z","timestamp":1697625583000},"page":"1028-1035","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Determination of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Exposure in Two Ethiopian Communities and Its Relationship to Duffy Expression"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Lauren","family":"Bradley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delenasaw","family":"Yewhalaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia;"},{"name":"Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Hemming-Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Embury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chieh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Endalew","family":"Zemene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teshome","family":"Degefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Kazura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California;"},{"name":"Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arlene","family":"Dent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","year":"2021"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Am J Trop Med 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