{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T02:52:47Z","timestamp":1783392767507,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683072000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this study, we investigated the potential association between the burden of asymptomatic <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic> spp. (<jats:italic>Blastocystis hominis<\/jats:italic>) infection and nutritional status among children under 2 years of age using the data collected from 1,715 children from eight distinct geographic locations, including Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Peru, Tanzania, Pakistan, Nepal, and South Africa. Childhood stunting, wasting, and underweight were the outcome variables, and <jats:italic>B. hominis<\/jats:italic> infection was the exposure variable of this present study. The presence of <jats:italic>B. hominis<\/jats:italic> in nondiarrheal stools was evaluated by TaqMan Array Cards. Site-specific incidence rates were estimated using Poisson regression, and multiple generalized estimating equation was used to assess the association between the <jats:italic>B. hominis<\/jats:italic> infection and nutritional status. The site-specific incidence rates of asymptomatic <jats:italic>B. hominis<\/jats:italic> infections per 100 child-months were higher in Tanzania, Peru, and South Africa when compared with the other study sites. Moreover, in terms of site-specific association, childhood stunting was significantly associated with asymptomatic <jats:italic>B. hominis<\/jats:italic> infection in Bangladesh (odds ratio [OR]: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.26\u20132.08), India (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.46\u20132.16), Nepal (OR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.60\u20133.21), Peru (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.26\u20131.71), South Africa (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.35\u20131.83), and Tanzania (OR: 2.46; 95% CI: 2.18\u20132.79) sites. Wasting was associated with <jats:italic>B. hominis<\/jats:italic> in the Brazil site only (OR: 3.19; 95% CI: 1.31\u20137.77). On the other hand, underweight was associated in the Bangladesh (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.48\u20132.42), Brazil (OR: 4.41; 95% CI: 1.57\u201312.4), Nepal (OR: 2.25; 95% CI: 1.52\u20133.35), and Tanzania (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.42\u20131.99) sites. Our analysis further reveals that the presence of additional pathogens may play a pathogenic role in children who have <jats:italic>B. hominis<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T13:37:45Z","timestamp":1681133865000},"page":"887-894","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Site-Specific Incidence Rate of Blastocystis hominis and Its Association with Childhood Malnutrition: Findings from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Barbie","family":"Zaman Wahid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"},{"name":"University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Ahshanul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Amran","family":"Gazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shah Mohammad","family":"Fahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abu Syed Golam","family":"Faruque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Mahfuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahmeed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0009684","article-title":"Infection with Blastocystis spp. and its association with enteric infections and environmental enteric dysfunction among slum-dwelling malnourished adults in Bangladesh","volume":"15","author":"Fahim","year":"2021"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Ther Adv Infect 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