{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T01:51:20Z","timestamp":1771465880415,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701820800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The WHO guidelines on mass distribution of azithromycin for child survival recommend monitoring of mortality to evaluate effectiveness. Trials that contributed evidence to these guidelines used a population-based census to monitor vital status, requiring census workers to visit each household biannually (twice yearly). Birth history is an alternative to the census approach that may be more feasible because it decreases the time and labor needed for mortality monitoring. This study aimed to compare the population-based census (reference standard) and birth history (index test) approaches to estimating mortality among children 1 to 59 months old using data from the Macrolides Oraux pour R\u00e9duire les D\u00e9c\u00e8s avec un Oeil sur la R\u00e9sistance (MORDOR) trial. Sixteen communities that received 5\u2009years of biannual census in the MORDOR trial were selected randomly also to receive birth history surveys. The census approach recorded more participants and households than birth history, with correlations more than 0.94 for each. The correlation between number of deaths in each community was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.59\u20130.94). A comparison of the mortality incidence rate estimated from the census against the under-5 mortality rate estimated from the birth history resulted in a correlation of 0.60 (95% CI, 0.15\u20130.84). Of the 47% of children who were linked individually to compare vital status from each method, the death status of children had a sensitivity of 80% (95% CI, 73\u201389) and a specificity of 98% (95% CI, 98\u201399), comparing birth history to census. Overall birth histories were found to be a reasonable alternative to biannual census for tracking vital status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T15:07:30Z","timestamp":1698678450000},"page":"1380-1387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of Population-Based Census versus Birth History for the Estimation of Under-5 Mortality in Niger"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Brittany","family":"Peterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Mamane","family":"Arzika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique, Birni N\u2019Gaoure, Niger;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdou","family":"Amza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme Nationale de Sant\u00e9 Oculaire, Niamey, Niger;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alio","family":"Karamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique, Birni N\u2019Gaoure, Niger;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasser H.","family":"Dodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique, Birni N\u2019Gaoure, Niger;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasser","family":"Galo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique, Birni N\u2019Gaoure, Niger;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aboubacar","family":"Beidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique, Birni N\u2019Gaoure, Niger;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abarchi","family":"Moustapha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique, Birni N\u2019Gaoure, Niger;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Lebas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy D.","family":"Keenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Lietman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kieran S.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"WHO Guideline on Mass Drug Administration of Azithromycin to Children under Five Years of Age to Promote Child Survival","year":"2020"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1583","article-title":"Azithromycin to reduce childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"378","author":"Keenan","year":"2018"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1292","article-title":"Gut resistome of preschool children after prolonged mass azithromycin distribution: a cluster-randomized trial","volume":"73","author":"Arzika","year":"2021"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2271","article-title":"Macrolide resistance in MORDOR I: a cluster-randomized trial in Niger","volume":"380","author":"Doan","year":"2019"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1941","article-title":"Macrolide and nonmacrolide resistance with mass azithromycin distribution","volume":"383","author":"Doan","year":"2020"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"e14","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance following mass azithromycin distribution for trachoma: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2019"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2207","article-title":"Longer-term assessment of azithromycin for reducing childhood mortality in Africa","volume":"380","author":"Keenan","year":"2019"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Trials","first-page":"675","article-title":"A double-masked placebo-controlled trial of azithromycin to prevent child mortality in Burkina Faso, West Africa: Community Health with Azithromycin Trial (CHAT) study protocol","volume":"20","author":"Si\u00e9","year":"2019"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"822","article-title":"Age-based targeting of biannual azithromycin distribution for child survival in Niger: an adaptive cluster-randomized trial protocol (AVENIR)","volume":"21","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2021"},{"key":"b10"},{"key":"b11"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Global Civil Registration and Vital Statistics: Scaling up Investment Plan 2015\u20132024","year":"2014"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e195","article-title":"Global, regional, and national trends in under-5 mortality between 1990 and 2019 with scenario-based projections until 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation","volume":"10","author":"Sharrow","year":"2022"},{"key":"b14"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Stud Fam Plann","first-page":"279","article-title":"Multiple indicator cluster surveys: delivering robust data on children and women across the globe","volume":"50","author":"Khan","year":"2019"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Guide to DHS Statistics","author":"Croft","year":"2018"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Tools for Demographic Estimation","author":"Hill"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Demography","first-page":"1705","article-title":"Biases in survey estimates of neonatal mortality: results from a validation study in urban areas of Guinea-Bissau","volume":"57","author":"Helleringer","year":"2020"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e1000253","article-title":"Measuring under-five mortality: validation of new low-cost methods","volume":"7","author":"Rajaratnam","year":"2010"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"J Glob Health","first-page":"010901","article-title":"\u201cEvery Newborn-INDEPTH\u201d (EN-INDEPTH) study protocol for a randomised comparison of household survey modules for measuring stillbirths and neonatal deaths in five health and demographic surveillance sites","volume":"9","author":"Baschieri","year":"2019"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0192034","article-title":"Using community-based reporting of vital events to monitor child mortality: lessons from rural Ghana","volume":"13","author":"Helleringer","year":"2018"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e1002687","article-title":"Development and validation of a new method for indirect estimation of neonatal, infant, and child mortality trends using summary birth histories","volume":"15","author":"Burstein","year":"2018"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes","author":"Preston","year":"2001"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Tools for Demographic Estimation","author":"Hill"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0216403","article-title":"Calculating fertility and childhood mortality rates from survey data using the DHS.rates R package","volume":"14","author":"Elkasabi","year":"2019"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Designing Clinical Research: An Epidemiologic Approach","author":"Hulley","year":"2013"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"J Chiropr Med","first-page":"155","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e288","article-title":"Cause-specific mortality of children younger than 5 years in communities receiving biannual mass azithromycin treatment in Niger: verbal autopsy results from a cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Keenan","year":"2020"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Popul Health Metr","first-page":"13","article-title":"Error and bias in under-5 mortality estimates derived from birth histories with small sample sizes","volume":"11","author":"Dwyer-Lindgren","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/109\/6\/article-p1380.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/109\/6\/article-p1380.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/109\/6\/article-p1380.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T15:45:11Z","timestamp":1701877511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/109\/6\/article-p1380.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0725","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]}}}