{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:02:26Z","timestamp":1791820946317,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1_Suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>An increasing number of molecular and genomic assays are available to study malaria parasite populations. However, so far they have played a marginal role in informing policy and programmatic decision-making. Currently, molecular data are mainly used for monitoring drug efficacy against <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>; assessing molecular markers of drug and insecticide resistance; and assessing <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 genes (<jats:italic>Pfhrp2\/3<\/jats:italic>) deletion. We argue that additional use cases for molecular routine surveillance could be implemented in the near future, especially in transmission settings approaching elimination. These would include using quantitative polymerase chain reaction to monitor the prevalence of sub-patent infections in asymptomatic carriers, monitoring parasite genetic diversity as transmission intensity is changing, using genomic data to determine the origin of imported infections and characterize transmission chains in settings with very low malaria transmission, and using serology to monitor recent and past exposures in low-transmission settings. Molecular surveillance could inform control programs on adapting novel strategies, such as reactive case detection or focal mass drug administration, and help evaluate the impact of interventions currently in place. To better integrate molecular and genomic data into control program decision-making, engagement of national malaria control experts is crucial. Local laboratory capacity needs to be strengthened, shortening the time from sample collection to data availability. Here, we discuss opportunities and challenges of the use of molecular and genomic data for supporting malaria control and elimination efforts, as well as the avenues to link molecular and genomic data with gold standard epidemiological measurements through mathematical modeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T14:16:24Z","timestamp":1703686584000},"page":"35-47","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Bridging the Gap from Molecular Surveillance to Programmatic Decisions for Malaria Control and Elimination"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Monica","family":"Golumbeanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland;"},{"name":"University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constant A. V.","family":"Edi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Cote d\u2019Ivoire;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel W.","family":"Hetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland;"},{"name":"University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Koepfli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute of Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Nsanzabana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland;"},{"name":"University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"207","article-title":"The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015","volume":"526","author":"Bhatt","year":"2015"},{"key":"b2","year":"2021"},{"key":"b3","year":"2015"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Health Inf Manag","first-page":"62","article-title":"The District Health Information System (DHIS2): a literature review and meta-synthesis of its strengths and operational challenges based on the experiences of 11 countries","volume":"48","author":"Dehnavieh","year":"2019"},{"key":"b5","year":"2017"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"122","article-title":"Beyond national indicators: adapting the Demographic and Health Surveys\u2019 sampling strategies and questions to better inform subnational malaria intervention policy","volume":"20","author":"Ozodiegwu","year":"2021"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"BMC Med","first-page":"121","article-title":"Routine data for malaria morbidity estimation in Africa: challenges and prospects","volume":"18","author":"Alegana","year":"2020"},{"key":"b8","year":"2018"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"459","article-title":"Mapping multiple components of malaria risk for improved targeting of elimination interventions","volume":"16","author":"Cohen","year":"2017"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Nat Rev Genet","first-page":"502","article-title":"Advances and opportunities in malaria population genomics","volume":"22","author":"Neafsey","year":"2021"},{"key":"b11","year":"2019"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"e281","article-title":"Genomic-informed pathogen surveillance in Africa: opportunities and challenges","volume":"21","author":"Inzaule","year":"2021"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"163","article-title":"Use cases for genetic epidemiology in malaria elimination","volume":"18","author":"Dalmat","year":"2019"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"268","article-title":"Applying next-generation sequencing to track falciparum malaria in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"18","author":"Tessema","year":"2019"},{"key":"b15","year":"2009"},{"key":"b16","year":"2016"},{"key":"b17","year":"2020"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Report on Antimalarial Drug Efficacy, Resistance and Response: 10 Years of Surveillance (2010\u20132019)","first-page":"78","year":"2020"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Malaria Chemoprevention Efficacy Study Protocol","first-page":"32","year":"2022"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Parasitol Today","first-page":"462","article-title":"The use of PCR genotyping in the assessment of recrudescence or reinfection after antimalarial drug treatment","volume":"14","author":"Snounou","year":"1998"},{"key":"b21","year":"2021"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"e01500","article-title":"Critical evaluation of molecular monitoring in malaria drug efficacy trials and pitfalls of length-polymorphic markers","volume":"61","author":"Messerli","year":"2017"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"79","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum msp1, msp2 and glurp allele frequency and diversity in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"10","author":"Mwingira","year":"2011"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e19010","article-title":"How much remains undetected? Probability of molecular detection of human Plasmodia in the field","volume":"6","author":"Koepfli","year":"2011"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"664","article-title":"Improved detectability of Plasmodium falciparum clones with repeated sampling in incident and chronic infections in Burkina Faso","volume":"106","author":"Barry","year":"2021"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"6096","article-title":"Robust algorithm for systematic classification of malaria late treatment failures as recrudescence or reinfection using microsatellite genotyping","volume":"59","author":"Plucinski","year":"2015"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"e00590-19","article-title":"Improving methods for analyzing antimalarial drug efficacy trials: molecular correction based on length-polymorphic markers msp-1, msp-2, and glurp","volume":"63","author":"Jones","year":"2019"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"e01517","article-title":"A computer modelling approach to evaluate the accuracy of microsatellite markers for classification of recurrent infections during routine monitoring of antimalarial drug efficacy","volume":"64","author":"Jones","year":"2020"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"e00437","article-title":"Should deep-sequenced amplicons become the new gold standard for analyzing malaria drug clinical trials?","volume":"65","author":"Jones","year":"2021"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"17790","article-title":"Amplicon deep sequencing improves Plasmodium falciparum genotyping in clinical trials of antimalarial drugs","volume":"9","author":"Gruenberg","year":"2019"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"BMC Genomics","first-page":"864","article-title":"Development of amplicon deep sequencing markers and data analysis pipeline for genotyping multi-clonal malaria infections","volume":"18","author":"Lerch","year":"2017"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"3515","article-title":"Host immunity to Plasmodium falciparum and the assessment of emerging artemisinin resistance in a multinational cohort","volume":"114","author":"Ataide","year":"2017"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"401","article-title":"Time to scale up molecular surveillance for anti-malarial drug resistance in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"20","author":"Nsanzabana","year":"2021"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis","first-page":"26","article-title":"Resistance to artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs): do not forget the partner drug!","volume":"4","author":"Nsanzabana","year":"2019"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"4719","article-title":"Evidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria multidrug resistance to artemisinin and piperaquine in Western Cambodia: dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine open-label multicenter clinical assessment","volume":"59","author":"Leang","year":"2015"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"1120","article-title":"Association of Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R561H genotypes with delayed parasite clearance in Rwanda: an open-label, single-arm, multicentre, therapeutic efficacy study","volume":"21","author":"Uwimana","year":"2021"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"411","article-title":"Spread of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"371","author":"Ashley","year":"2014"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in Africa","volume":"385","author":"Balikagala","year":"2021"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"491","article-title":"The spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in the Greater Mekong subregion: a molecular epidemiology observational study","volume":"17","author":"Imwong","year":"2017"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"e0112121","article-title":"Evolution of multidrug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: a longitudinal study of genetic resistance markers in the Greater Mekong subregion","volume":"65","author":"Imwong","year":"2021"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0204347","article-title":"Molecular assays for antimalarial drug resistance surveillance: a target product profile","volume":"13","author":"Nsanzabana","year":"2018"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"121","article-title":"World Antimalarial Resistance Network (WARN) III: molecular markers for drug resistant malaria","volume":"6","author":"Plowe","year":"2007"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"696","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and prevalence of resistance markers in Tanzania prior to revision of malaria treatment policy: Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase mutations in monitoring in\u00a0vivo resistance","volume":"71","author":"Mugittu","year":"2004"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"257","article-title":"A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria","volume":"344","author":"Djimd\u00e9","year":"2001"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"890","article-title":"Application of a molecular marker for surveillance of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria","volume":"358","author":"Djimd\u00e9","year":"2001"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"435","article-title":"Quantifying the evolution and impact of antimalarial drug resistance: drug use, spread of resistance, and drug failure over a 12-year period in Papua New Guinea","volume":"201","author":"Nsanzabana","year":"2010"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"BMC Med","first-page":"47","article-title":"The duration of chemoprophylaxis against malaria after treatment with artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine and the effects of pfmdr1 86Y and pfcrt 76T: a meta-analysis of individual patient data","volume":"18","author":"Bretscher","year":"2020"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"833","article-title":"Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter and multidrug resistance 1 genes: parasite risk factors that affect treatment outcomes for P. falciparum malaria after artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine","volume":"91","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2014"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"e2100685118","article-title":"Mapping partner drug resistance to guide antimalarial combination therapy policies in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"118","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2021"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Lancet Microbe","first-page":"e209","article-title":"Molecular surveillance of antimalarial partner drug resistance in sub-Saharan Africa: a spatial-temporal evidence mapping study","volume":"1","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2020"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"196","article-title":"Global survey of malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) sales, procurement and lot verification practices: assessing the use of the WHO\u2013FIND Malaria RDT Evaluation Programme (2011\u20132014)","volume":"16","author":"Incardona","year":"2017"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"EBioMedicine","first-page":"9","article-title":"\u201cResistance\u201d to diagnostics: a serious biological challenge for malaria control and elimination","volume":"50","author":"Mayor","year":"2019"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"355","article-title":"Systematic review of the status of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletion, approaches and methods used for its estimation and reporting in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Africa: review of published studies 2010\u20132019","volume":"18","author":"Agaba","year":"2019"},{"key":"b54","series-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health 2: e0000828","article-title":"High sensitivity of a novel rapid test for the diagnosis of clinical and subclinical Plasmodium falciparum infections in a high transmission setting in Burundi","author":"Niyukuri","year":"2022"},{"key":"b55","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e8091","article-title":"A large proportion of P. falciparum isolates in the Amazon region of Peru lack pfhrp2 and pfhrp3: implications for malaria rapid diagnostic tests","volume":"5","author":"Gamboa","year":"2010"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"558","article-title":"Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum lacking histidine-rich proteins 2 and 3: a systematic review","volume":"98","author":"Thomson","year":"2020"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"112","article-title":"HRP2: transforming malaria diagnosis, but with caveats","volume":"36","author":"Poti","year":"2020"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"462","article-title":"Major threat to malaria control programs by Plasmodium falciparum lacking histidine-rich protein 2, Eritrea","volume":"24","author":"Berhane","year":"2018"},{"key":"b59","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0241807","article-title":"High prevalence and extended deletions in Plasmodium falciparum hrp2\/3 genomic loci in Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"Golassa","year":"2020"},{"key":"b60","series-title":"Nat Microbiol","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum is evolving to escape malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"Feleke","year":"2021"},{"key":"b61","year":"2019"},{"key":"b62","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"13107","article-title":"A multiplex qPCR approach for detection of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions in multiple strain infections of Plasmodium falciparum.","volume":"9","author":"Schindler","year":"2019"},{"key":"b63","series-title":"EBioMedicine","first-page":"102757","article-title":"A novel multiplex qPCR assay for detection of Plasmodium falciparum with histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 (pfhrp2 and pfhrp3) deletions in polyclonal infections","volume":"55","author":"Grignard","year":"2020"},{"key":"b64","series-title":"EBioMedicine","first-page":"14","article-title":"Monitoring the threatened utility of malaria rapid diagnostic tests by novel high-throughput detection of Plasmodium falciparum hrp2 and hrp3 deletions: a cross-sectional, diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"50","author":"Kreidenweiss","year":"2019"},{"key":"b65","series-title":"eLife","first-page":"e72083","article-title":"High-throughput Plasmodium falciparum hrp2 and hrp3 gene deletion typing by digital PCR to monitor malaria rapid diagnostic test efficacy","volume":"11","author":"Vera-Arias","year":"2022"},{"key":"b66","year":"2022"},{"key":"b67","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"357","article-title":"Comparability between insecticide resistance bioassays for mosquito vectors: time to review current methodology?","volume":"8","author":"Owusu","year":"2015"},{"key":"b68","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"102","article-title":"Dynamics and monitoring of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors across mainland Tanzania from 1997 to 2017: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Matiya","year":"2019"},{"key":"b69","series-title":"Pestic Biochem Physiol","first-page":"54","article-title":"Vector population monitoring tools for insecticide resistance management: myth or fact?","volume":"161","author":"Vontas","year":"2019"},{"key":"b70","series-title":"eLife","first-page":"e65655","article-title":"The need for practical insecticide-resistance guidelines to effectively inform mosquito-borne disease control programs","volume":"10","author":"Namias","year":"2021"},{"key":"b71","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"197","article-title":"Identification, validation, and application of molecular diagnostics for insecticide resistance in malaria vectors","volume":"32","author":"Donnelly","year":"2016"},{"key":"b72","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"357","article-title":"Comparability between insecticide resistance bioassays for mosquito vectors: time to review current methodology?","volume":"8","author":"Owusu","year":"2015"},{"key":"b73","series-title":"Environ Health Insights","first-page":"1178630220952790","article-title":"Assessing insecticide resistance in adult mosquitoes: perspectives on current methods","volume":"14","author":"Richards","year":"2020"},{"key":"b74","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"327","article-title":"A new knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation, F1534L, in the voltage-gated sodium channel of Aedes aegypti, co-occurring with F1534C, S989P and V1016G","volume":"13","author":"Kushwah","year":"2020"},{"key":"b75","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"202","article-title":"Development of molecular assays to detect target-site mechanisms associated with insecticide resistance in malaria vectors from Latin America","volume":"18","author":"Lol","year":"2019"},{"key":"b76","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"105440","article-title":"Monitoring and molecular profiling of contemporary insecticide resistance status of malaria vectors in Guinea\u2013Bissau","volume":"206","author":"Silva","year":"2020"},{"key":"b77","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0010001","article-title":"Molecular surveillance of resistance to pyrethroids insecticides in Colombian Aedes aegypti populations","volume":"15","author":"Granada","year":"2021"},{"key":"b78","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","first-page":"666469","article-title":"Molecular detection of insecticide resistance mutations in Anopheles gambiae from Sierra Leone using multiplex SNaPshot and sequencing","volume":"11","author":"Yin","year":"2021"},{"key":"b79","series-title":"Front Public Health","first-page":"649672","article-title":"Entomological and molecular surveillance of Anopheles mosquitoes in Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2019","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2021"},{"key":"b80","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Molecular analysis of knock down resistance (kdr) mutation and distribution of kdr genotypes in a wild population of Culex quinquefasciatus from India","volume":"14","author":"Sarkar","year":"2009"},{"key":"b81","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"197","article-title":"Identification, validation, and application of molecular diagnostics for insecticide resistance in malaria vectors","volume":"32","author":"Donnelly","year":"2016"},{"key":"b82","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1927","article-title":"Impact of community-based mass testing and treatment on malaria infection prevalence in a high-transmission area of western Kenya: a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"72","author":"Samuels","year":"2021"},{"key":"b83","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"480","article-title":"Subpatent malaria in a low transmission African setting: a cross-sectional study using rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) from Zambezi region, Namibia","volume":"17","author":"McCreesh","year":"2018"},{"key":"b84","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1221","article-title":"Limitations of rapid diagnostic testing in patients with suspected malaria: a diagnostic accuracy evaluation from Swaziland, a low-endemicity country aiming for malaria elimination","volume":"64","author":"Ranadive","year":"2017"},{"key":"b85","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1509","article-title":"Submicroscopic infection in Plasmodium falciparum-endemic populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"200","author":"Okell","year":"2009"},{"key":"b86","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e3413","article-title":"Systematic review of sub-microscopic P. vivax infections: prevalence and determining factors","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2015"},{"key":"b87","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"633","article-title":"Deployable molecular detection of arboviruses in the Australian outback","volume":"95","author":"Inglis","year":"2016"},{"key":"b88","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"3","article-title":"Harnessing technology and portability to conduct molecular epidemiology of endemic pathogens in resource-limited settings","volume":"115","author":"Faust","year":"2021"},{"key":"b89","series-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health","first-page":"e0000454","article-title":"qPCR in a suitcase for rapid Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax surveillance in Ethiopia","volume":"2","author":"Carlier","year":"2022"},{"key":"b90","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"826","article-title":"Estimating the programmatic cost of targeted mass drug administration for malaria in Myanmar","volume":"21","author":"Kyaw","year":"2021"},{"key":"b91","series-title":"Infect Dis Poverty","first-page":"55","article-title":"China\u2019s 1-3-7 surveillance and response strategy for malaria elimination: is case reporting, investigation and foci response happening according to plan?","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2015"},{"key":"b92","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"256","article-title":"Technical and operational underpinnings of malaria elimination from Sri Lanka","volume":"18","author":"Premaratne","year":"2019"},{"key":"b93","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"72","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of Plasmodium vivax in Afghanistan","volume":"95","author":"Leslie","year":"2016"},{"key":"b94","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e1002745","article-title":"The impact of targeted malaria elimination with mass drug administrations on falciparum malaria in Southeast Asia: a cluster randomised trial","volume":"16","author":"Von Seidlein","year":"2019"},{"key":"b95","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"371","article-title":"The prevalence and density of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections among children and adults in three communities of western Kenya","volume":"20","author":"Salgado","year":"2021"},{"key":"b96","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1434","article-title":"Sustained malaria control over an 8-year period in Papua New Guinea: the challenge of low-density asymptomatic Plasmodium infections","volume":"216","author":"Koepfli","year":"2017"},{"key":"b97","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"50","article-title":"Molecular methods for tracking residual Plasmodium falciparum transmission in a close-to-elimination setting in Zanzibar","volume":"19","author":"Grossenbacher","year":"2020"},{"key":"b98","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"221","article-title":"Feasibility of community at-home dried blood spot collection combined with pooled reverse transcription PCR as a viable and convenient method for malaria epidemiology studies","volume":"21","author":"Hergott","year":"2022"},{"key":"b99","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction-based malaria diagnosis can be increasingly adopted during current phase of malaria elimination in India","volume":"106","author":"Rahi","year":"2022"},{"key":"b100","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0249382","article-title":"Systematic review of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax polyclonal infections: impact of prevalence, study population characteristics, and laboratory procedures","volume":"16","author":"Lopez","year":"2021"},{"key":"b101","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"974","article-title":"Malaria epidemiology at the clone level","volume":"33","author":"Koepfli","year":"2017"},{"key":"b102","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"271","article-title":"Implementing parasite genotyping into national surveillance frameworks: feedback from control programmes and researchers in the Asia-Pacific region","volume":"19","author":"Noviyanti","year":"2020"},{"key":"b103","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"3699","article-title":"Multiplexed ddPCR-amplicon sequencing reveals isolated Plasmodium falciparum populations amenable to local elimination in Zanzibar, Tanzania","volume":"14","author":"Holzschuh","year":"2023"},{"key":"b104","series-title":"BMC Med","first-page":"190","article-title":"Mapping malaria by combining parasite genomic and epidemiologic data","volume":"16","author":"Wesolowski","year":"2018"},{"key":"b105","series-title":"eLife","first-page":"e43510","article-title":"Using parasite genetic and human mobility data to infer local and cross-border malaria connectivity in Southern Africa","volume":"8","author":"Tessema","year":"2019"},{"key":"b106","series-title":"eLife","first-page":"e43481","article-title":"Mapping imported malaria in Bangladesh using parasite genetic and human mobility data","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2019"},{"key":"b107","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"938","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum genomic surveillance reveals spatial and temporal trends, association of genetic and physical distance, and household clustering","volume":"12","author":"Sy","year":"2022"},{"key":"b108","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"154","article-title":"Distinct parasite populations infect individuals identified through passive and active case detection in a region of declining malaria transmission in southern Zambia","volume":"16","author":"Searle","year":"2017"},{"key":"b109","series-title":"eLife","first-page":"e43510","article-title":"Using parasite genetic and human mobility data to infer local and cross-border malaria connectivity in Southern Africa","volume":"8","author":"Tessema","year":"2019"},{"key":"b110","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"5108","article-title":"Estimating medium-and long-term trends in malaria transmission by using serological markers of malaria exposure","volume":"102","author":"Drakeley","year":"2005"},{"key":"b111","series-title":"BMC Med","first-page":"304","article-title":"Antibody responses to a suite of novel serological markers for malaria surveillance demonstrate strong correlation with clinical and parasitological infection across seasons and transmission settings in the Gambia","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2020"},{"key":"b112","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"418","article-title":"Use of different transmission metrics to describe malaria epidemiology in the highlands of western Kenya","volume":"14","author":"Stevenson","year":"2015"},{"key":"b113","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"643","article-title":"Etramp5 as a useful serological marker in children to assess the immediate effects of mass drug campaigns for malaria","volume":"22","author":"Druetz","year":"2022"},{"key":"b114","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"928","article-title":"Selection of antibody responses associated with Plasmodium falciparum Infections in the context of malaria elimination","volume":"11","author":"van den Hoogen","year":"2020"},{"key":"b115","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"198","article-title":"Human IgG response to a salivary peptide, gSG6-P1, as a new immuno-epidemiological tool for evaluating low-level exposure to Anopheles bites","volume":"8","author":"Poinsignon","year":"2009"},{"key":"b116","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"396","article-title":"Use of an Anopheles salivary biomarker to assess malaria transmission risk along the Thailand-Myanmar border","volume":"215","author":"Ya-Umphan","year":"2017"},{"key":"b117","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"318","article-title":"Variation in exposure to Anopheles gambiae salivary gland peptide (gSG6-P1) across different malaria transmission settings in the western Kenya highlands","volume":"11","author":"Badu","year":"2012"},{"key":"b118","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"345","article-title":"Stratifying malaria receptivity in Bangladesh using archived rapid diagnostic tests","volume":"19","author":"Sagna","year":"2020"},{"key":"b119","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"1839","article-title":"Assessing prevalence and transmission rates of malaria through simultaneous profiling of antibody responses against Plasmodium and Anopheles antigens","volume":"11","author":"Chaudhury","year":"2022"},{"key":"b120","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"6958","article-title":"A prospective analysis of the Ab response to Plasmodium falciparum before and after a malaria season by protein microarray","volume":"107","author":"Crompton","year":"2010"},{"key":"b121","series-title":"Infect Genet Evol","first-page":"462","article-title":"A unique methodology for detecting the spread of chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum, in previously unreported areas, by analyzing anophelines of malaria endemic zones of Orissa, India","volume":"9","author":"Mohanty","year":"2009"},{"key":"b122","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"351","article-title":"Mosquitoes as a feasible sentinel group for anti-malarial resistance surveillance by next generation sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum.","volume":"18","author":"Smith-Aguasca","year":"2019"},{"key":"b123","series-title":"Int Health","first-page":"239","article-title":"The role of mathematical modelling in guiding the science and economics of malaria elimination","volume":"2","author":"Maude","year":"2010"},{"key":"b124","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e1000406","article-title":"A research agenda to underpin malaria eradication","volume":"8","author":"Alonso","year":"2011"},{"key":"b125","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e1002453","article-title":"malERA: an updated research agenda for combination interventions and modelling in malaria elimination and eradication","volume":"14","year":"2017"},{"key":"b126","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0228469","article-title":"Simulating the council-specific impact of anti-malaria interventions: a tool to support malaria strategic planning in Tanzania","volume":"15","author":"Runge","year":"2020"},{"key":"b127","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"353","article-title":"How useful are malaria risk maps at the country level? Perceptions of decision-makers in Kenya, Malawi and the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"19","author":"Ghilardi","year":"2020"},{"key":"b128","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"177","article-title":"Sub-national stratification of malaria risk in mainland Tanzania: a simplified assembly of survey and routine data","volume":"19","author":"Thawer","year":"2020"},{"key":"b129","series-title":"BMJ Glob Health","first-page":"e002919","article-title":"Spatial and spatio-temporal methods for mapping malaria risk: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Odhiambo","year":"2020"},{"key":"b130","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"101","article-title":"Applied mathematical modelling to inform national malaria policies, strategies and operations in Tanzania","volume":"19","author":"Runge","year":"2020"},{"key":"b131","year":"2013"},{"key":"b132","series-title":"BMJ Glob Health","first-page":"e002441","article-title":"Bringing a health systems modelling approach to complex evaluations: multicountry applications in HIV, TB and malaria","volume":"5","author":"Phillips","year":"2020"},{"key":"b133","series-title":"Adv Parasitol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800869-0.00004-4","article-title":"Surveillance and response to drive the national malaria elimination program","volume":"86","author":"Feng","year":"2014"},{"key":"b134","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"7067","article-title":"Modeling malaria genomics reveals transmission decline and rebound in Senegal","volume":"112","author":"Daniels","year":"2015"},{"key":"b135","series-title":"Mol Biol Evol","first-page":"274","article-title":"Evaluating the performance of malaria genetics for inferring changes in transmission intensity using transmission modeling","volume":"38","author":"Watson","year":"2021"},{"key":"b136","series-title":"eLife","first-page":"e25008","article-title":"Modelling the drivers of the spread of Plasmodium falciparum hrp2 gene deletions in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"6","author":"Watson","year":"2017"},{"key":"b137","series-title":"eLife","first-page":"e77634","article-title":"The influence of biological, epidemiological, and treatment factors on the establishment and spread of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"11","author":"Masserey","year":"2022"},{"key":"b138","series-title":"Lancet Microbe","first-page":"e701","article-title":"Pre-existing partner-drug resistance facilitates the emergence and spread of artemisinin resistance: a consensus modelling study","volume":"3","author":"Watson","year":"2021"},{"key":"b139","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"103","article-title":"Genomic investigation of atypical malaria cases in Kanel, northern Senegal","volume":"20","author":"Sy","year":"2021"},{"key":"b140","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"933","article-title":"WHO antimalarial trial guidelines: good science, bad news?","volume":"38","author":"Hastings","year":"2022"},{"key":"b141","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"322","article-title":"Mapping the global prevalence, incidence, and mortality of Plasmodium falciparum, 2000\u201317: a spatial and temporal modelling study","volume":"394","author":"Weiss","year":"2019"},{"key":"b142","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"332","article-title":"Mapping the global endemicity and clinical burden of Plasmodium vivax, 2000\u201317: a spatial and temporal modelling study","volume":"394","author":"Battle","year":"2019"},{"key":"b143","series-title":"J Trop Med","first-page":"3492696","article-title":"Assessing the roles of molecular markers of antimalarial drug resistance and the host pharmacogenetics in drug-resistant malaria","volume":"2022","author":"Hodoameda","year":"2022"},{"key":"b144","series-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep","first-page":"46","article-title":"Antimalarial drug resistance and implications for the WHO global technical strategy","volume":"8","author":"Ippolito","year":"2021"},{"key":"b145","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"267","article-title":"Deployment and utilization of next-generation sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum to guide anti-malarial drug policy decisions in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities and challenges","volume":"18","author":"Ishengoma","year":"2019"},{"key":"b146","series-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health","first-page":"e0002200","article-title":"Antimalarial mass drug administration in large populations and the evolution of drug resistance","volume":"3","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021"},{"key":"b147","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"4568","article-title":"Preventing antimalarial drug resistance with triple artemisinin-based combination therapies","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022"},{"key":"b148","series-title":"Nat Med:","article-title":"Potential policy interventions for slowing the spread of artemisinin-resistant pfkelch R561H mutations in Rwanda","author":"Zupko","year":"2022"},{"key":"b149","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"954","article-title":"Sampling for malaria molecular surveillance","volume":"39","author":"Mayor","year":"2022"},{"key":"b150","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"8170","article-title":"Defining the relationship between infection prevalence and clinical incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"6","author":"Cameron","year":"2015"},{"key":"b151","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"186","article-title":"Defining the relationship between Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate and clinical disease: statistical models for disease burden estimation","volume":"8","author":"Patil","year":"2009"},{"key":"b152","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"953","article-title":"Association between the proportion of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections detected by passive surveillance and the magnitude of the asymptomatic reservoir in the community: a pooled analysis of paired health facility and community data","volume":"20","author":"Stresman","year":"2020"},{"key":"b153","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e063456","article-title":"Prospective surveillance study to detect antimalarial drug resistance, gene deletions of diagnostic relevance and genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in Mozambique: protocol","volume":"12","author":"Mayor","year":"2022"},{"key":"b154","series-title":"Mol Ecol","first-page":"100","article-title":"Describing the current status of Plasmodium falciparum population structure and drug resistance within mainland Tanzania using molecular inversion probes","volume":"30","author":"Moser","year":"2021"},{"key":"b155","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","first-page":"757844","article-title":"Potential opportunities and challenges of deploying next generation sequencing and CRISPR-Cas systems to support diagnostics and surveillance towards malaria control and elimination in Africa","volume":"12","author":"Lyimo","year":"2022"},{"key":"b156","series-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis","first-page":"139","article-title":"Strengthening surveillance systems for malaria elimination by integrating molecular and genomic data","volume":"4","author":"Nsanzabana","year":"2019"},{"key":"b157","series-title":"Science","first-page":"423","article-title":"A year of genomic surveillance reveals how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolded in Africa","volume":"374","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2021"},{"key":"b158","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0204347","article-title":"Molecular assays for antimalarial drug resistance surveillance: a target product profile","volume":"13","author":"Nsanzabana","year":"2018"},{"key":"b159","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"442","article-title":"Economic considerations support C-reactive protein testing alongside malaria rapid diagnostic tests to guide antimicrobial therapy for patients with febrile illness in settings with low malaria endemicity","volume":"18","author":"Lubell","year":"2019"},{"key":"b160","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"568","article-title":"Malaria outbreak in Laos driven by a selective sweep for Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R539T mutants: a genetic epidemiology analysis","volume":"23","author":"Wasakul","year":"2022"},{"key":"b161","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"1839","article-title":"Assessing prevalence and transmission rates of malaria through simultaneous profiling of antibody responses against Plasmodium and Anopheles antigens","volume":"11","author":"Chaudhury","year":"2022"},{"key":"b162","year":"2022"},{"key":"b163","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"e281","article-title":"Genomic-informed pathogen surveillance in Africa: opportunities and challenges","volume":"21","author":"Inzaule","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/1_Suppl\/article-p35.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/1_Suppl\/article-p35.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/1_Suppl\/article-p35.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T13:54:18Z","timestamp":1741182858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/1_Suppl\/article-p35.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"references-count":163,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1_Suppl"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0749","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]}}}