{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T13:31:37Z","timestamp":1784727097143,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Type 1 leprosy reactions (T1LRs) occur mainly in patients with borderline leprosy and an unstable immune status. The main symptoms of T1LRs include aggravated skin lesions and nerve damage. Nerve damage involving the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves causes dysfunction of the nose, pharynx, larynx, and even the esophagus, which are innervated by these nerves. Here, we report a case of upper thoracic esophageal paralysis caused by vagus nerve involvement in a patient with T1LRs. Although infrequent, this serious emergency merits attention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T18:53:46Z","timestamp":1685991226000},"page":"343-344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Case Report: Upper Thoracic Esophageal Paralysis Accompanying a Type 1 Leprosy Reaction"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Jianyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Leprosy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Leprosy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaibo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Leprosy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongli","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhichun","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Leprosy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Degang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Leprosy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Clin Dermatol","first-page":"37","article-title":"Leprosy type 1 reaction (formerly reversal reaction)","volume":"34","author":"Naafs","year":"2016"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Lepr Rev","first-page":"372","article-title":"Leprosy type 1 (reversal) reactions and their management","volume":"1","author":"Walker","year":"2008"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Int Health","first-page":"77","article-title":"Nerve damage in leprosy: a continuing challenge for scientists, clinicians and service providers","volume":"4","author":"Lockwood","year":"2012"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"338","article-title":"The continuing challenges of leprosy","volume":"19","author":"Scollard","year":"2006"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"An Bras Dermatol","first-page":"787","article-title":"Understanding the type 1 reactional state for early diagnosis and treatment: a way to avoid disability in leprosy","volume":"88","author":"Nery","year":"2013"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"445","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of Hansen\u2019s disease and their management","volume":"107","author":"Agrawal","year":"2005"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Indian J Lepr","first-page":"1","article-title":"A clinical study of the involvement of cranial nerves in leprosy","volume":"76","author":"Gopinath","year":"2004"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol","first-page":"2752","article-title":"A rare cause of acquired esotropia: leprosy","volume":"70","author":"Canleblebici","year":"2022"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Indian J Lepr","first-page":"101","article-title":"A case of leprosy with multiple cranial neuropathy mimicking Melkerson Rosenthal syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Subbarao","year":"2011"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Neurol India","first-page":"283","article-title":"Cranial nerve involvement in patients with leprous neuropathy","volume":"54","author":"Kumar","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/109\/2\/article-p343.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/109\/2\/article-p343.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/109\/2\/article-p343.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T13:26:59Z","timestamp":1690982819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/109\/2\/article-p343.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0799","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]}}}