{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T11:02:13Z","timestamp":1785236533570,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In Mali, malaria vector control relies mostly on long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying (IRS). From 2008 to 2016, an IRS program was implemented in the district of Koulikoro. After a significant reduction in malaria indicators, IRS was stopped in 2016. This study evaluated the effect of IRS withdrawal on entomological parameters of malaria transmission and incidence in children aged 6\u2009months to 10\u2009years in the district of Koulikoro. Entomological parameters of malaria transmission during the last year of IRS implementation in 2016 were compared with those obtained 2\u2009years after IRS withdrawal in 2018 in two villages of Koulikoro. Mosquito vectors were collected by mouth aspiration and pyrethrum spray catches in the villages to monitor these transmission parameters. A sharp increase (10.8 times higher) in vector abundance after IRS withdrawal was observed. The infection rate of <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> sensu lato to <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> increased from zero during IRS implementation to 14.8% after IRS withdrawal. The average entomological inoculation rate, which was undetectable before, was 1.22 infected bites per person per month 2\u2009years after IRS was withdrawn, and the cumulative malaria incidence rate observed after IRS was 4.12 times (15.2% versus 3.7%) higher than that observed in 2016 in the villages before IRS withdrawal. This study showed a resurgence of malaria transmission and incidence in the Koulikoro health district after IRS was withdrawn. Thus, to manage the potential consequences of malaria transmission resurgence, alternative approaches are needed when stopping successful malaria control interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T14:52:40Z","timestamp":1691419960000},"page":"616-620","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Resurgence of Malaria Transmission and Incidence after Withdrawal of Indoor Residual Spraying in the District of Koulikoro, Mali"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Moussa","family":"Ke\u00efta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research\/Malaria Research and Training Center\/International Center for Excellence in Research\/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Sissoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research\/Malaria Research and Training Center\/International Center for Excellence in Research\/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nafomon","family":"Sogoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research\/Malaria Research and Training Center\/International Center for Excellence in Research\/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moussa","family":"Konat\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research\/Malaria Research and Training Center\/International Center for Excellence in Research\/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sory Ibrahim","family":"Diawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research\/Malaria Research and Training Center\/International Center for Excellence in Research\/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fousseyni","family":"Kan\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research\/Malaria Research and Training Center\/International Center for Excellence in Research\/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salif","family":"Thiam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research\/Malaria Research and Training Center\/International Center for Excellence in Research\/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahamoudou","family":"Tour\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research\/Malaria Research and Training Center\/International Center for Excellence in Research\/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drissa","family":"Konat\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research\/Malaria Research and Training Center\/International Center for Excellence in Research\/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahamadou","family":"Diakit\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research\/Malaria Research and Training Center\/International Center for Excellence in Research\/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Beier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seydou","family":"Doumbia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research\/Malaria Research and Training Center\/International Center for Excellence in Research\/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Enqu\u00eate sur les Indicateurs du Paludisme au Mali (EIPM) 2015","year":"2016"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Global Public Health","first-page":"e0000262","article-title":"What Africa can do to accelerate and sustain progress against malaria","volume":"2","author":"Okumu","year":"2022"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"207","article-title":"The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015","volume":"526","author":"Bhatt","year":"2015"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"3","article-title":"Upsurge of malaria transmission after indoor residual spraying withdrawal in Atacora region in Benin, West 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insecticides","volume":"15","author":"Oxborough","year":"2016"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"488","article-title":"The central role of national programme management for the achievement of malaria elimination: a cross case-study analysis of nine malaria programmes","volume":"15","author":"Smith Gueye","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 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