{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T12:22:59Z","timestamp":1793017379716,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The success of the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination program largely depends on cost-effective vector control measures. Our goal was to investigate the longevity of the efficacy of insecticidal wall painting (IWP), a new vector control tool, compared with a routine indoor residual spraying (IRS) program for reducing the VL vector density in Bangladesh. This study is the extension of our recent IWP study for VL vector management in Bangladesh, which was undertaken in seven highly VL endemic villages of the Mymensingh district with a 12-month follow-up. In this 24-months follow-up study, we collected sand flies additionally at 15, 18, 21, and 24 months since the interventions from the IWP and control (where the program did routine IRS) clusters to examine the longevity of the efficacy of IWP on sand fly density reduction and mortality. The difference-in-differences regression models were used to estimate the effect of IWP on sand fly reduction against Program IRS. The IWP showed excellent performance in reducing sand fly density and increasing sand fly mortality compared with Program IRS. The effect of IWP for controlling sand flies was statistically significant for up to at least 24 months. The mean female\n                    <jats:italic>Phlebotomus argentipes<\/jats:italic>\n                    density reduction ranged from \u221256% to \u221283%, and the\n                    <jats:italic>P. argentipes<\/jats:italic>\n                    sand fly mortality ranged from 81% to 99.5% during the 24-month follow-up period. Considering the duration of the efficacy of IWP for controlling VL vectors, Bangladesh National Kala-azar Elimination Program may consider IWP as the best alternative to IRS for the subsequent phases of the program.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T12:08:39Z","timestamp":1695038919000},"page":"1022-1027","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Long-Term Efficacy of Insecticidal Wall Painting for Controlling Visceral Leishmaniasis Vectors in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Abdul","family":"Alim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Mamun","family":"Huda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"},{"name":"Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia;"},{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debashis","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Halleux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICEF\/UNDP\/World Bank\/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md.","family":"Almahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piero L.","family":"Olliaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISARIC Global Support Centre, International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium, Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Matlashewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Kroeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medicine and Society\/Institute for Infection Prevention, University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Aseffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICEF\/UNDP\/World Bank\/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"275","article-title":"The epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh: prospects for improved control","volume":"123","author":"Bern","year":"2006"},{"key":"b2","year":"2006"},{"key":"b3","year":"2020"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther","first-page":"1381","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India: progress and the road ahead","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"2022"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"97","article-title":"Intervention packages for early visceral leishmaniasis case detection and sandfly control in Bangladesh: a comparative analysis","volume":"100","author":"Huda","year":"2019"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1131","article-title":"Reducing visceral leishmaniasis by insecticide impregnation of bed-nets, Bangladesh","volume":"19","author":"Mondal","year":"2013"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0007724","article-title":"Effect of insecticide-treated bed nets on visceral leishmaniasis incidence in Bangladesh. A retrospective cohort analysis","volume":"13","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2019"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"539","article-title":"Entomological efficacy of durable wall lining with reduced wall surface coverage for strengthening visceral leishmaniasis vector control in Bangladesh, India and Nepal","volume":"16","author":"Huda","year":"2016"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"162","article-title":"Pilot study on the combination of an organophosphate-based insecticide paint and pyrethroid-treated long lasting nets against pyrethroid resistant malaria vectors in Burkina Faso","volume":"148","author":"Mosqueira","year":"2015"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"341","article-title":"Efficacy of an insecticide paint against malaria vectors and nuisance in West Africa \u2013 part 2: field evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Mosqueira","year":"2010"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"108","article-title":"Integrating case detection of visceral leishmaniasis and other febrile illness with vector control in the post-elimination phase in Nepal","volume":"100","author":"Banjara","year":"2019"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1786","article-title":"Comparison of novel sandfly control interventions: a pilot study in Bangladesh","volume":"105","author":"Ghosh","year":"2021"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0006846","article-title":"Indoor residual spraying for kala-azar vector control in Bangladesh: a continuing challenge","volume":"12","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2018"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"1382","article-title":"Insecticide-treated bed nets in rural Bangladesh: their potential role in the visceral leishmaniasis elimination programme","volume":"15","author":"Mondal","year":"2010"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004932","article-title":"Efficacy, safety and cost of insecticide treated wall lining, insecticide treated bed nets and indoor wall wash with lime for visceral leishmaniasis vector control in the Indian sub-continent: a multi-country cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Mondal","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/109\/5\/article-p1022.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/109\/5\/article-p1022.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/109\/5\/article-p1022.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T13:49:41Z","timestamp":1698846581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/109\/5\/article-p1022.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0809","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]}}}