{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T11:31:32Z","timestamp":1788003092599,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the protozoan <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> complex, is endemic in many parts of the world. Little known in Chad, VL has been recently documented from previously nonendemic areas. We report an epidemiological investigation of VL in the L\u00e9r\u00e9 district hospital in southwestern Chad. After informed consent, 40 VL patients were enrolled in the study. Diagnosis made using the formalin serological test was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction on blood samples. Clinical parameters were obtained from the physician or nurse caregiver, and from patients. Of a total of 40 serology positive patients, <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic> DNA was found in 33 (82.5%), with 55% being male patients. The most affected age groups were 15\u201329 (47.5%) and 0\u201314 (32.5%) years. Fever, weight loss, and pallor were frequent symptoms. Notably, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were uncommon clinical signs. Common comorbidities included malaria (25%) and hepatitis B (15%), followed by gastric ulcer (10%) and tuberculosis (7.5%). These comorbidities were concurrent with VL and were diagnosed microscopically in blood and serum for malaria and tuberculosis, respectively, and by the rapid diagnostic test using serum for hepatitis B and gastric ulcer. Thirty-five percent of cases were treated with meglumine antimoniate, and three patients (7.5%), all with comorbidities, died. Sixty percent of patients lived close to the main town. Our data demonstrate that VL is endemic in the health district of L\u00e9r\u00e9. Improving health education regarding <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic> infection in endemic areas of Chad and providing training of health workers on early detection and management of VL are needed to help save lives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T14:54:40Z","timestamp":1727794480000},"page":"1192-1197","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Demographic and Clinical Features of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Chad: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Survey"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Demba Kodindo","family":"Isra\u00ebl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Public Health, N\u2019Djam\u00e9na, Chad;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheick Amadou","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leishmaniasis Unit, International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vourchakb\u00e9","family":"Jo\u00ebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technique, University of Doba, Doba, Chad;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betrand","family":"Fesuh Nono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Information Systems, Department of Mathematics, National Advanced School of Engineering of Yaound\u00e9, University of Yaound\u00e9 I, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonnonta","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Service, L\u00e9r\u00e9 District Hospital, Provincial Health Delegation of Mayo Kebbi-Est, L\u00e9r\u00e9, Chad;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaden","family":"Kamhawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seydou","family":"Doumbia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leishmaniasis Unit, International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"9375","article-title":"Evolutionary and geographical history of the Leishmania donovani complex with a revision of current 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