{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T18:35:47Z","timestamp":1724956547441},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Leishmaniasis is considered one of the neglected tropical diseases in the world. Although Bhutan is a member of the visceral leishmaniasis elimination consortium in South Asia, not much attention has been accorded to the disease because of its low incidence. The vector that transmits <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> remains poorly understood. In this backdrop, sand-fly surveys were regularly conducted at multiple sites where leishmaniasis cases have been reported in Bhutan. Collections were made using CDC light traps and cattle-baited net traps in 15 villages from February 2019 to May 2022. Six species of <jats:italic>Phlebotomus<\/jats:italic> and four species of <jats:italic>Sergentomyia<\/jats:italic> were identified from these sites that included two <jats:italic>Phlebotomus<\/jats:italic> and three <jats:italic>Sergentomyia<\/jats:italic> species discovered for the first time in Bhutan. Sand-fly density varied significantly from village to village, and it showed strong seasonality with peak numbers collected from June to October and almost zero from December to February. Overall, sand-fly density was highest in the basements of the houses and were higher outdoors than indoors. Cattle-baited net traps collected few sand flies during the surveillance period. This work constituted the first systematic sand-fly population surveillance conducted in Bhutan and will provide a baseline for future vector ecology and <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> epidemiological studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T17:46:59Z","timestamp":1712684819000},"page":"1117-1126","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Distribution and Seasonal Variation of Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia Sand Fly Populations in Bhutan"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Tenzin","family":"Wangdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Gelephu, Bhutan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanath","family":"Senanayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sithar","family":"Dorjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tashi","family":"Tobgay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guofa","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sachee B.","family":"Piyasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. M. Lakshika I.","family":"Weerasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadira","family":"Karunaweera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phlebotomine vectors of the leishmaniasis: a review","volume":"4","author":"Killick-Kendrick","year":"1990"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0006659","article-title":"Atypical leishmaniasis: a global perspective with emphasis on the Indian subcontinent","volume":"12","author":"Thakur","year":"2018"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"82","article-title":"The history of leishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"Steverding","year":"2017"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"87","article-title":"The post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) atlas","volume":"3","author":"Ziljstra","year":"2013"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"k5224","article-title":"Eliminating visceral leishmaniasis in South Asia: the road ahead","volume":"364","author":"Rijal","year":"2019"},{"key":"b6","year":"2023"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Internal Assessment of Kala-azar Elimination Programme of Nepal","author":"Banjara","year":"2015"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e3020","article-title":"How far are we from visceral leishmaniasis elimination in Bangladesh? 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