{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:30:48Z","timestamp":1791973848972,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707264000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Access to potable water is difficult for many African residents. This study evaluated the bacteriological quality of household water collected in the dry and wet seasons across five municipal local government areas (LGAs) in Ibadan, a large city in southwest Nigeria. A total of 447 water samples (dry season, <jats:italic>n =<\/jats:italic> 250; wet season, <jats:italic>n =<\/jats:italic> 197) were aseptically collected from a random sample of mapped households within Ibadan\u2019s five municipal LGAs. The pH values and total aerobic and coliform bacterial counts were measured, and samples were screened for <jats:italic>Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic> by standard phenotypic techniques and multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The most common source of water was well (53.2%), followed by borehole (34%). None of the households used municipal tap water. Cumulatively, aerobic (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.0002) and coliform (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.0001) counts as well as pH values (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.0002) changed significantly between seasons, with increasing and decreasing counts depending on the LGA. Nonpotable water samples were found to be very common during the dry (86.8%) and wet (74.1%) seasons. <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> spp., as indicators of recent fecal contamination, were isolated from 115 (25.7%) of the household water sources. Thirty three <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>, four enteroaggregative <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, and four enterotoxigenic <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates but no <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic> isolates were identified. This study revealed the absence of treated tap water and the poor quality of alternative sources with detectable pathogens in municipal Ibadan. Addressing the city-wide lack of access to potable water is an essential priority for preventing a high prevalence of feco-orally transmitted infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T19:43:33Z","timestamp":1704224613000},"page":"346-355","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Suboptimal Bacteriological Quality of Household Water in Municipal Ibadan, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Olumuyiwa S.","family":"Alabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifeoluwa","family":"Akintayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesutofunmi S.","family":"Odeyemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah J.","family":"Oloche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Health Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chibuzor M.","family":"Babalola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck School of Medicine, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chukwuemeka","family":"Nwimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwafemi","family":"Popoola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ondari D.","family":"Mogeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Public Health, Implementation & Clinical Development Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Public Health, Implementation & Clinical Development Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea;"},{"name":"Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany;"},{"name":"Madagascar Institute for Vaccine Research, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iruka N.","family":"Okeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Water","first-page":"2660","article-title":"Various natural and anthropogenic factors responsible for water quality degradation: a review","volume":"13","author":"Akhtar","year":"2021"},{"key":"b2","year":"2004"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Afr J Med Med Sci","first-page":"169","article-title":"Bacteriological quality of drinking water from source to household in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"36","author":"Oloruntoba","year":"2007"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J Water Res Ocean Sci","first-page":"9","article-title":"Sustainable groundwater exploitation in Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Omole","year":"2013"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Environments","first-page":"23","article-title":"Water quality assessment of surface and groundwater sources using a water quality index method: a case study of a peri-urban town in southwest, Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"Olasoji","year":"2019"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"A History of Sanitation in Ibadan, 1942\u20131999","author":"Oluyitan","year":"2020"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Spec Publ Niger Assoc Hydrol Sci","first-page":"231","article-title":"Water quality evaluation of hand-dug wells in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria","volume":"2012","author":"Ayantobo","year":"2012"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"437","article-title":"Seasonal variation in drinking and domestic water sources and quality in Port Harcourt, Nigeria","volume":"96","author":"Kumpel","year":"2017"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries","author":"Kjellstrom","year":"2006"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Environ Health Perspect","first-page":"521","article-title":"Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review","volume":"121","author":"Graham","year":"2013"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Health Popul Nutr","first-page":"26","article-title":"Safe distances between groundwater-based water wells and pit latrines at different hydrogeological conditions in the Ganges Atrai floodplains of Bangladesh","volume":"35","author":"Islam","year":"2016"},{"key":"b12","year":"2017"},{"key":"b13","year":"2017"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Sustainability","first-page":"454","article-title":"Comparative physicochemical and microbiological qualities of source and stored household waters in some selected communities in southwestern Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Bisi-Johnson","year":"2017"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Tanzan J Health Res","first-page":"189","article-title":"Association of water-borne diseases morbidity pattern and water quality in parts of Ibadan City, Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Oguntoke","year":"2009"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"District Laboratory Practice for Tropical Countries","first-page":"143","author":"Cheesbrough","year":"2000"},{"key":"b17","year":"2017"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Pan Afr Med J","first-page":"109","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of diarrhoea among infants in selected primary health centres in Kaduna north local government area, Nigeria","volume":"28","author":"Dairo","year":"2017"},{"key":"b19","year":"2010"},{"key":"b20","author":"Kelsey","year":"1996"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e021438","article-title":"The HPAfrica protocol: assessment of health behaviour and population-based socioeconomic, hygiene behavioural factors \u2013 a standardised repeated cross-sectional study in multiple cohorts in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"8","author":"Pak","year":"2018"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water: Improving Approaches and Methods","first-page":"237","author":"Koster","year":"2003"},{"key":"b23","year":"2015"},{"key":"b24","year":"2017"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3388","article-title":"Comparison of API 20E and invA PCR for identification of 399 Salmonella enterica isolates from swine production units","volume":"44","author":"Nucera","year":"2006"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"5849","article-title":"Evaluation of multiplex PCRs for diagnosis of infection with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Shigella spp","volume":"42","author":"Aranda","year":"2004"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"28","article-title":"Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in mother-child pairs in Ile-Ife, South Western Nigeria","volume":"16","author":"Odetoyin","year":"2015"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e1000361","article-title":"Water supply and health","volume":"7","author":"Hunter","year":"2010"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res","first-page":"701","article-title":"Bacterial pathogens associated with hand-dug wells in Ibadan city, Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Odeleye","year":"2015"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"J Water Health","first-page":"1137","article-title":"Potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli from household water in peri-urban Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"Rabiu","year":"2022"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"East Cent Afr J Surg","first-page":"110","article-title":"Bacterial pathogens associated with tap and well waters in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Akinyemi","year":"2006"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Afr J Clin Exp Microbiol","first-page":"86","article-title":"Bacteriological analysis of well water samples in Sagamu, Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"Idowu","year":"2011"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Pak J Biol Sci","first-page":"1048","article-title":"Bacteriological contamination of well water in Makurdi town, Benue State, Nigeria","volume":"15","author":"Mile","year":"2012"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Ann Afr Med","first-page":"32","article-title":"Microbiological assessment of well waters in Samaru, Zaria, Kaduna, state, Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"Aboh","year":"2015"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Int J Res","first-page":"1946","article-title":"Microbiological analysis of drinking water in Maiduguri Metropolis, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Adamu","year":"2016"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"BMC Res Notes","first-page":"541","article-title":"Physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water of different sources, Jimma zone, Southwest Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Yasin","year":"2015"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"346","article-title":"Microbiological quality of water sources in the West region of Cameroon: quantitative detection of total coliforms using Micro Biological Survey method","volume":"20","author":"Mabvouna","year":"2020"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol","first-page":"e01706-17","article-title":"Environmental survey of drinking water sources in Kampala, Uganda, during a typhoid fever outbreak","volume":"83","author":"Murphy","year":"2017"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"J Water Health","first-page":"161","article-title":"Drinking water quality and source reliability in rural Ashanti region, Ghana","volume":"11","author":"Arnold","year":"2013"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Agric Biol J N Am","first-page":"1333","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of microbial population and physicochemical characteristics of a water body receiving industrial pollutants in Port Harcourt, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Ogbonna","year":"2010"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health","first-page":"820","article-title":"Microbiological quality of water in a city with persistent and recurrent waterborne diseases under tropical sub-rural conditions: the case of Kikwit City, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"220","author":"Nienie","year":"2017"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"1354","article-title":"The effects of seasonal variations on household water security and burden of diarrheal diseases among under 5 children in an urban community, Southwest Nigeria","volume":"22","author":"Akinyemi","year":"2022"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Int J Adv Acad Res Sci Technol Eng","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seasonal variation of microbiological quality of water from Watari Dam, Kano State","volume":"3","author":"Rabiu","year":"2017"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Appl Water Sci","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seasonal analysis of bacteriological quality of drinking water sources in communities surrounding Lake Bosomtwe in the Ashanti Region of Ghana","volume":"9","author":"Akrong","year":"2019"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Ground Water","first-page":"346","article-title":"Seasonality of coliform bacteria detection rates in New Jersey domestic wells","volume":"55","author":"Atherholt","year":"2017"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Microb Cell Fact","first-page":"69","article-title":"Parallel substrate supply and pH stabilization for optimal screening of E. coli with the membrane-based fed-batch shake flask","volume":"17","author":"Philip","year":"2018"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Int J Sci Res Publ","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microbial pollution \u2013 total coliform and fecal coliform of Kengeri lake, Bangalore region Karnataka, India","volume":"3","author":"Latha","year":"2013"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"1665","article-title":"Diarrhoeal disease in relation to possible household risk factors in South African villages","volume":"15","author":"Kapwata","year":"2018"},{"key":"b49","year":"2018"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Afr J Biomed Res","first-page":"131","article-title":"Childhood septicaemia due to Salmonella species in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Ogunleye","year":"2005"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"S466","article-title":"Bacteremia among febrile patients attending selected healthcare facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"69","author":"Popoola","year":"2019"},{"key":"b52"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1694","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a modified killed-whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in India: an interim analysis of a cluster-randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"374","author":"Sur","year":"2009"},{"key":"b54","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"S11","article-title":"Vaccines for the prevention of diarrhea due to cholera, shigella, ETEC and rotavirus","volume":"13","author":"Das","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/110\/2\/article-p346.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/110\/2\/article-p346.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/110\/2\/article-p346.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T12:51:19Z","timestamp":1744980679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/110\/2\/article-p346.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0134","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]}}}